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357 Index Academy, 45, 88, 138, 150, 323–324 air: Anaximenes’ changeable matter, 34; mathematical interpretation, 273, 277, 290, 307; as mathematical particle , 277, 289, 292, 294–305; one of four Empedocles’ elements, 273, 275; Thales’ primal matter, 33 alchemy: astronomy and, 199; bodily, xxiii, 66, 186, 264; and chemistry, xix, xxii, 238–240, 245–246, 251, 253–254, 258, 311–312; instrumental, xvii, xxiv, 8, 19, 58–59, 104, 114, 121, 130, 183, 195, 197, 240, 242, 253–254, 257, 264, 283, 311–312; internal (Inner), 59, 65–67, 72, 183, 209, 244, 249, 253–254; lineage, 238, 240–242, 246; and physics, 257–258, 265–266, 269, 317; theoretical, 10, 19, 122 Anaximander, xvii, 33–34, 254; biology, 33–34 Anaximenes, xvii, 33–34 Aquinas, 56 Aristotle: biological simile, 170; on change, 255; criticism of Plato’s theory of Forms, 48, 88, 150, 320; doctrine of substance, 309; geocentric worldview, 281; on Presocratic ideas, 33–34, 36, 41, 222, 255; the Third Man Argument, 40, 150, 165 Armillary Sphere, 15, 183–185, 190, 194–197, 205, 214–216, 280 art: of elixir making, 239; of healing, 60; and iconography, 104; Plato’s negative view of, 81; of revealing the self, 64; of ruling, 137 ascension, 125 astronomy, xxii–xxiii, 65, 94, 184, 189–190, 192–194, 196, 281; and alchemy, 190, 197, 199; Chinese, 16, 200; empirical, 15, 195, 202, 210; geocentrism, 14, 200; infinitespace , 283; instrumental, 14, 18–19, 31; mathematical, 95–97, 205, 214, 216; and music, 81; observatory, 283; physiology and, 105, 216; three theories of, 189 Athens: City of, 138, 155; School of, 325 atomism: critique of, 231; Democritus, 287; material pluralism, 37, 148; problem of pluralism, 288, 290, 316; space and void, 262, 303 Augustine, 102 Being and Becoming: xvii, 37, 44–45, 49–51, 75, 84, 147, 153, 172, 218, 220, 237, 262, 277–278, 286, 304, 306, 311–313 benti, xvi, 177 biology, 17, 66, 106–107, 256, 272 body: alchemical, 70–73, 76–77, 117, 170, 186, 259; body-soul, 107, 109; body-state unity, 133–135, 137, 139– 141; Buddhist, 68; celestial, 118–119; Daoist, xxiii; as empty vessel, 98, 262; physical, xxiv, 57, 60, 253, 264; Platonic , 158, 217–218; and the spirit, 358 index xxv, 64, 69, 74, 119, 123, 125, 129, 132–133, 144, 177, 188, 256; of the universe, 64, 217–219, 223, 272–273, 277–278, 280–282, 284, 286, 301, 304, 309; World Body, 131, 218, 228 Book of Changes, 6, 9–10, 14, 19, 26, 30, 34, 207 breath: breathing like a fetus, 186; of the cosmos, 62, 64; of the great beginning , 1, 28, 53; pattern, 66, 74; the rhythm of, 73 Buddhist: enlightenment, 132; otherworldly transcendence, 108; soteriology , 253–254; Three Realms, 118; view of the body, 68 celestial: axis, 203, 216; bodies, 69, 73–74, 96, 119, 164, 184–187, 194, 206, 208–209, 215, 217–218; center , 18; clock, 16, 96, 199, 215, 220; equator, 192, 194; gods, 119, 121; movements, 18–19, 75, 95, 186–187, 194, 205; poles, 192, 227; time, 119, 197, 199, 203, 205; world, 68–69, 73, 119 chance, 75, 288, 295–296 change: alchemical, 129, 197, 199, 243, 253, 255–257, 264–265, 276, 279, 284–285, 306; Anaximander’s biology, 33–34; Aristotle’s substantial , 255; “Change is the principle of Nature,” 19, 30, 75, 176, 246, 284; cosmogonical, 17, 169, 172, 255, 271, 306–307; Empedocles’ (mixing elements), 274–276; evolutionary, 57; Heraclitus’ (changing river), 34–35, 37–38, 100, 255; and life, 254, 256–258, 264, 271, 312; motion and rest, 213, 283–285, 296, 304; noncontradiction principle (Plato), 84, 87, 154; particle theory (Plato), 286, 288, 304–306, 308, 312; Pythagorean (numbers), 222–223, 225, 277, 290; the Soul as the cause of, 282, 284; Thales (meteorological), 33; as transformation of matter, 19, 258. See also “from nothing into being” chaos: of Necessity, 171; order over, 169–171, 301; primordial, 43, 89, 137, 171, 173, 261, 286–288, 302, 316. See also Necessity Chen Guofu, 238, 240, 253 Chunqiu fanlu, 20, 201 cinnabar, 34, 147, 197, 247, 250–251, 253, 257, 307; fields, 65–70 “Commentary on the Armillary Sphere,” 183 Confucianism: xxii, 20, 108–109, 113, 142, 254, 322; New Confucianism, xxii, 322; New Text Confucianism, 19, 30, 142 Constellations, 17, 185, 192, 194, 197, 216; the Twenty-Eight, 2, 15–17, 25, 119, 183–184, 192 Cornford, F. M.: mathematical structure of matter, 289–290; the...

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