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Notes Introduction 1. Li Hua, “Hanyuandian fu” 含元殿賦 (Rhapsody on the Enfolding-Vitality Hall), author’s preface, in Li Fang et al., Wenyuan yinghua, 1:215, juan 48, “Fu” 賦 (Rhapsodies), “Gongshi” 宮室 (Palaces), part 2. 2. Ibid. 3. Li Jie, “Jin xinxiu Yingzao fashi xu” 進新修營造法式序 (Preface to [my] presentation of the newly compiled Building Standards), YZFS, 1a. More detailed discussion can be found in chap. 2. 4. Jurchen (Nuzhēn 女真), ancestors of the Manchus who ruled the Qing (1644–1911), established the Jin 金 dynasty (1115–1234) and overthrew the Northern Song in 1127, twenty-four years after the publication of the YZFS. 5. See Cheng Ju, Beishan ji, juan 33:16a–20a. The epitaph was written on behalf of Fu Chongyi 傅沖益 (1066–1118), who was a subordinate official under Li Jie. It is collected as an appendix in the 1925 edition of the YZFS, 1a–3b. 6. For an English translation of this work, see Strassberg, Chinese Bestiary. 7. For Li Jie’s official career and experience in construction practice before and after serving in the Directorate of Construction, see Li Jie’s epitaph, in the appendices of the 1925 edition of the YZFS, 1a–3b. Although most of the important imperial and public building projects that Li accomplished were done after he finished the YZFS, the epitaph tells us that he took charge of the construction of the magnificent Five Princes’ Mansions (五王邸) while writing the YZFS. 8. Ibid., 1b. 9. Willis, Architectural Nomenclature of the Middle Ages, 21. Chapter 1: The Historical Tradition of Writing on Architecture 1. Li Jie, “Jin xinxiu Yingzao fashi xu” 進新修營造法式序 (Preface to [my] presentation of the newly compiled Building Standards), YZFS, 1a. In translating the text related to the Classic of Changes (Yi), I consulted Shaughnessy, I Ching, “Appended Statements” 繫辭, 205–207. 2. For the authorship, dating, contents, and transmission of these two texts, see Loewe, Early Chinese Texts, 216–223, also 24–31. 3. Sima Qian, Shiji, juan 6, Qinshihuang benji 秦始皇本紀 (Basic annals of the First Emperor of the Qin), 1:255. See also Nienhauser, Grand Scribe’s Records, 1:147–148. 4. For the authorship, dating, contents, and transmission of the Yili and the other five texts that follow it, see Loewe, Early Chinese Texts, 67–73, 229–232, 234–241, 293– 296, 376–383, 415–420. For some works, such as the Liji, the dates of compilation span from the Warring States period (475–221 B.C.E.) to Han times, but they are discussed in this section since most of the materials in them were written during the pre-Qin period. 5. Translations of the titles of the Yili sections follow Loewe, Early Chinese Texts, 235. 6. See Zhang Erqi, Yili Zhengzhu judu, juan 4:3a. 7. Ibid., juan 7:8b. 8. The dates for the Zhou kings follow Loewe, Early Chinese Texts, 509. 9. “Guming,” Shangshu, in Cai Chen, Shujing jizhuan, juan 6: 125–126. 10. With minor modifications, the translation follows Legge, Chinese Classics, 551–555. Page 552 includes detailed explanations of fuyi 黼扆: the ax heads on the screen were emblematic of imperial determination. In addition, Cai Chen, Shujing jizhuan, 125–126 and Qian Zongwu and Jiang Hao, Shangshu, 486–489 explain fuyi as the king’s screen painted with a hatchet motif. 11. For instance, the excavated remains of the early Zhou architectural complex at Fengchu 鳳雛, Qishan 歧山 County, Shaanxi, present an enclosed courtyard with a main hall at its center and a gatehouse in front (south) that includes a left lobby and a right one, although there are three stairs instead of two in front of the main hall. See Shanxi Zhouyuan Kaogudui, “Shanxi Qishan Fengchucun Xizhou jianzhu jizhi fajue jianbao.” Earlier examples are the palatial remains at Erlitou 二 里頭, Yanshi 偃師, Henan, which is probably the site of palaces of the Xia or early Shang. 12. James Legge translates Mingtang as Hall of Distinction or Brilliant Hall, while in James T. C. Liu’s language, it is Hall of Enlightenment, and Michael Loewe translates it as Hall of Holiness; see Legge, Li Chi, 2:28–39; James Liu, “Sung Emperors and the Ming-t’ang”; Loewe, Faith, Myth, and Reason in Han China, 135. The variation in interpretation is associated with various commentaries on the history of the function of the Mingtang during the Zhou dynasty. I follow Legge’s “Hall of Distinction” because of its definition in the Liji. 13. Liji, chap. 14, “Mingtang wei,” in Songben Liji Zhengzhu, juan 9:411. 14. Ibid...