Hard Times in the Hometown: A History of Community Survival in Modern Japan

Notes

Notes Chapter 1: The Silk Road of the Sea 1. Smith’s essay, which originally appeared in the Journal of Economic History, 29, no. 4 (December 1969), was later republished in Smith, Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, which is the version I use. The two quotations appear on p. 71 and p. 99. 2. Field, In the Realm of a Dying Emperor, p. 118. 3. Smith himself recognized this some years later, when he wrote, “in slighting much about the Japanese past that did not prove useful to the present, I have no doubt also slighted the cost of what occurred.” Smith, Native Sources, p. 2. 4. Yasui, “Machi-zukuri, mura-okoshi to furusato monogatari,” pp. 203–204. The Kamisakari Observatory Tower was completed in 1991. 5. I am grateful to Ann Waswo for giving me a photograph she took of this sign. 6. On political and economic history, see Craig, Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration; Huber, The RevolutionaryOriginsofModernJapan;andNishikawa,“TheEconomyofChōshūontheEveofIndustrialization .” On the leaders, see Hackett, Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan; Iwata, ŌkuboToshimichi;Hall,MoriArinori;andJansen,SakamotoRyōmaandtheMeijiRestoration. 7. Itō, Itō Hirobumi; Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword; Drea, Japan’s Imperial Army. Two exceptions to this rule are the works of Kimura Kenji and Jonathan F. Dresner, to be discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. 8. I am indebted to Osamu Saitō for this formulation of the problem (personal correspondence , 2010). 9. Waters, Japan’s Local Pragmatists; Bowen, Rebellion and Democracy in Meiji Japan. 10. Kimura Motoi, “Kyōdoshi, chihōshi, chiikishi kenkyū no rekishi to kadai.” See also Ōkado, Rekishi e no toi, genzai e no toi, pp. 86–110. 11. Howell, Capitalism from Within; Wigen, The Making of a Japanese Periphery; Lewis, Becoming Apart; Furumaya, Ura Nihon. 12. This is not to say that there has been no research on southwestern Japan. One of the first community studies published in the English language focused on a village in central Kyushu : Embree, Suye-mura. There have also been studies of village life in Okayama (western Honshu), the Inland Sea, Shikoku, and northern Kyushu: see, respectively, Beardsley et al., Village Japan; Norbeck, Takashima; Robert J. Smith, Kurusu; and Kalland, Shingū. However, all these books focused on village life. By contrast, the books that have examined local and regional history with a view to reframing paradigms of modern Japanese development have been overwhelmingly centered on central and northeastern Japan. The notable exception is Timothy George, who used the story of Minamata to highlight the darker side of Japan’s modernity , especially that of postwar high growth: George, Minamata. 13. Lesbirel, NIMBY Politics in Japan. 14. Davis, The Return of Martin Guerre, p. 4. 15. Robert J. Smith, Kurusu, p. 231n. 16. Yamamuro, “Fiirudowāku ga ‘jissenteki’ de aru tame ni.” 17. Bailey, Ordinary People, Extraordinary Lives, pp. 8–9. 18. Kaminoseki Chōshi Hensan Iinkai, Kaminoseki chōshi. Hereafter abbreviated as KC. 19. Overseas migration receives just twelve pages of analysis in the 230-page section of the KC that discusses the development of Kaminoseki and Murotsu villages between 1868 and 1945. 20. Partner, Toshié; Partner, The Mayor of Aihara; Bernstein, Isami’s House. 21. Pratt, “Community and Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Japan,” p. 12. 22. This was an example of my attempting to change what Tonkin calls the “genre” of the oral interview: Tonkin, Narrating Our Pasts, pp. 51–55. 23. Al Alvarez, “The Long Road Home,” The Guardian, 11 September 2004, http://www .guardian.co.uk/books/2004/sep/11/fiction.philiproth, last accessed 12 October 2010. 24. Lüdtke, “Introduction: What Is the History of Everyday Life and Who Are Its Practitioners ?” pp. 3–7. For an example of Alltagsgeschichte in practice, see Browning, Ordinary Men. 25. Herbert, “Good Times, Bad Times.” 26. A similar point is made by Walthall, “Introduction: Tracking People in the Past,” pp. xii–xiii. 27. Kerry Smith, A Time of Crisis. 28. See, for example, Waswo and Nishida, eds., Farmers and Village Life in TwentiethCentury Japan; Yamashita, Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies; Partner, Toshié; Griffiths, “Need, Greed, and Protest in Japan’s Black Market.” 29. Lüdtke, “People Working,” p. 90. This quotation appears in a section titled “The Patchwork of Practices.” 30. Steele, “Edo in 1868”; Partner, The Mayor of Aihara; Kerry Smith, A Time of Crisis; Partner, Toshié; Dower, Embracing Defeat; Bailey, Ordinary People, Extraordinary Lives. 31. The phrase is from Ginzburg and Poni, “The Name and the Game,” p. 6. 32...