Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam, Revised Edition

Notes

297 Notes Page Acknowledgments xi Insider versus outsider accounts of history: For the view that the controversy is a “simplistic duality” that serves political purposes, see Munro (1994). Modes of historical analysis: For the view that historical accounts should be audience-oriented, see Daws (2006). Prologue 1 Magellan: His birth name in Portuguese was Fernão de Magalhães, and in some Spanish documents he was called Fernando de Magallanes. See Lévesque (1992, 1:131–304). Guam’s size and location: See Karolle (1999). Guam’s area of 214 square miles includes several small near-shore islands, notably Cocos Island off the southwestern shore. The area of Guam alone is 212 sq. miles. The exact location of the northernmost tip of Guam at Ritidian Point is 13º 39′ 2″ N latitude and 144º 51′ 6″ E longitude. 2 Micronesia as a region: Some cultural anthropologists state, “Micronesia does not exist.” Strathern et al. (2002). This may be true from cultural and genetic viewpoints since the area is so diverse. However, Micronesia is a distinct political region and has been so since the midnineteenth -century Spanish period in terms of partial or complete foreign control despite the fragmentation of the area in the late twentieth century into three freely associated states (Palau, the FSM, and the Marshalls ) under shared sovereignties with the United States, and two U.S. territories (Guam and the CNMI) that are still, in effect, U.S. colonies. Oceania: Some scholars make a distinction between “Remote Oceania ” (mainly Micronesia and Polynesia), to the east of the Andesite 298 Notes to Pages 2–8 Line (a geographic division within Oceania east of which no andesite lava or continental rocks occur), and “Near Oceania” (mostly in Melanesia ) based mostly on biogeographical differences. See Green (1991, 493–495). Kotzebue quote: Kotzebue (1967b, 3:92). Survival of indigenous Cha­ mor­ ro identity: See Boutilier et al. (1984). For view that islanders were primarily innocent victims of colonialism, see the Hale‘ ta (Our Roots in Cha­ mor­ ro) series of books published in the 1990s, subsidized by the Government of Guam through the Guam Economic Development Authority (GEDA) and the Political Status Coordinating Commission and produced by the Cha­ mor­ ro Heritage Institute under the direction of Dr. Katherine Aguon for use as textbooks in Guam’s public schools. 2–5 Magellan’s voyage: See Pigafetta (1969); Lévesque (1992, 1:231–248); and Wallis (1954). Lévesque (1992–2002) provides in twenty volumes the most comprehensive documentation in the original languages with English translations and analyses of European explorations in Micronesia from 1521 to 1819. Chapter 1: Aliens 1521–1638 6 Magellan’s sighting of Rota and Guam: See Rogers and Ballendorf (1989) and the account in Blair and Robertson (1903–1909, 1:196– 197), where Ginés de Mafra, a pilot on the Trinidad, describes the sighting. Magellan was lame from a wound received fighting Moors in North Africa. 7 Albo’s log: See Albo (1971); Lévesque (1992, 1:221–229) (Lévesque, who spells Albo as Alvo, also provides translations and analyses of Pigafetta and the Genoese pilot on the Guam landfall); Navarette (1971, 340). A fake “diary” of Magellan was printed in the Guam Recorder, Vol. 3, No. 10, January 1927, 265–267, but there are no known accounts by Magellan of his Pacific voyage. Pigafetta’s quote on proas: See Pigafetta (1969). The original manuscript by Pigafetta was in Italian with some dialogue in Spanish; it was being edited for the pope when it disappeared in the sack of Rome in 1527 by—of all people—Spanish soldiers. Derivation of “Cha­ mor­ ro”: Driver (1985, 5); see also Plaza (1971). A log by pilot Esteban Rodríguez with Legazpi in 1565 translated chamurre as “friend”; English translation in Lévesque (1992, 2:91). In 1602, Juan Pobre used the word chamuri as the indigenous term for hombre principale in Spanish, meaning a headman, not a chief. In the 1990s, indigenous rights activists on Guam began to use ”Chamoru” in place of “Cha­ mor­ ro,” and in 1994 the Cha­ mor­ ro Language Commission of Guam adopted “Chamoru” in place of “Cha­ mor­ ro” in the indigenous language. “Cha­ mor­ ro” remains standard in English. 8 Grass on Guam’s mountains: The accounts of Legazpi by friars Juan de Grijalva (1624) and Gaspar de San Augustín (1975) describe the grassy summits. Notes to Pages...