In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

Index Bukkyô sôryo nikusai ron (Tanaka), 184– 85, 186, 191 Bureau of Rites (Shikiburyô), 108 Buswell, Robert E., Jr., 3 Butsuryûkô, 166, 167 Buzan sect (Buzanha): married clerics in, 1; patrimonial inheritance of temples in, 195; temple family protection law of, 214–15 Casanova, José, 91–92, 229 celibacy: arguments for, 133–35, 180, 206; Confucian criticism of, 135–36; current practice of, 239; disadvantages of, 202– 3, 205; impossibility of, 202–6; seen as unnatural, 203. See also fornication (nyobon); marriage, clerical censuses: denominational, 193, 196–97, 224–25; Meiji, 85–86; temple family members, 193–95, 194t Central Chamber. See Seiin (Central Chamber) Chadwick, David, 208 Chamber of the Left. See Sain (Chamber of the Left) Charter Oath of Five Articles (Gakojô no seimon), 98, 102, 113 Chiba Shunrei, 184 chief priests: establishment of system of, 89–90, 230; letters to government by, 115; in opposition to nikujiki saitai law, 115, 123, 125, 160; selection of, 89, 92 Chikû: approach of to mappô, 129; defense of Shin clerical marriage and, 39, 42–43, 46, 48–49, 56, 203–4; evidence of secret clerical marriages and, 25; Nikujiki saitai ben and, 25, 43–52, 54; Nikujiki saitai ron and, 54; studies with Saigin, 41; on temple family lineages, 12 Chinese culture: attitudes of toward sexuality , 203; influence of in Japan, 175–76. See also Confucianism Chôheirei. See Conscription Law of 1873 (Chôheirei) Page numbers followed by f refer to figures; by t, to tables. abbots (jûshoku): economic problems of, 212–13; government appointment of, 84; legal status of, 80, 82; number of, 86; social status of in Edo period, 17; surnames of, 74, 75. See also clerics; temple wives adultery: frequency of in Japan, 200; punishments for, 20, 22 Agonshû, 232 Akamatsu Renjô, 104 Akizuki Tanetatsu, 102, 103 alcoholic beverages, xiv, 10, 27, 234 Amano Sadakage, 33 Amida: Shinran as manifestation of, 51 Andô Yoshinori, 235 Anglican church: wives of clerics in, 211n animals: protection of, 29–30. See also meat eating Aokage Sekkô, 97 App, Urs, 13 Arai, Paula, 238 Arai Nissatsu, 115, 125, 168 bômori. See Shin temple wives (bômori) Bômori hôgo (Sôboku), 53 Bômori kyôkai kikigaki (Tokuryû), 53 bonsô: use of term, 26 Buddhism: attacks on, 4, 58–59, 98, 102, 110, 119, 120; attempts to reconcile with modern age, 101; criticized for unfiliality, 135–37; defenders of, 99, 100, 121–22; institutional reorganization of, 59, 60, 89–91, 230; pan-sectarian cooperation with, 101; prohibition in on taking life, 30; relationship with state, 4, 10, 121–22, 228–30; sectarian disputes, 60, 88; subordination of to Shintô, 70; world abnegation of, 176 Buddhist couple (Bukkyô fûfu), 173, 201. See also marriage Bukkyô, 216, 219 Bukkyô fûfu. See Buddhist couple Bukkyô fûfu ron (Tanaka), 173–81, 183, 184, 191 276 I N D E X Chôken, 12, 46, 47 Chôon Dôkai, 136–37 Christianity: cultural influence of in Japan, 172; partial opening of Japan to, 98–99; religious freedom of, 89, 91; Tanaka’s view of, 178–79; view of marriage and, 177, 178–79; view of women and, 178– 79 Christianity, efforts to eliminate from Japan: Buddhist involvement in, 62; end of, 91; of Meiji government, 68, 69, 102, 107; pressures from Western governments in, 68, 98; through household registration, 62, 63, 64; through National Teaching, 98–99, 104, 107; through nikujiki saitai law, 110 Christians: criticism of Buddhism by, 177– 78, 197, 198–201; criticism of marriage in Japan by, 198–201; missionaries and, 13–14, 31, 177, 198; Urakami community , 102; wedding ceremonies and, 218. See also Protestants Chûgai nippô, 213, 220, 221, 226, 233, 236 Chûgen, 11 Chûsonji, 26, 34 civil society, 92, 191 classes: equality of, 71; Meiji structure of, 67, 71 clerical marriage. See marriage, clerical clerics, Shintô. See Shintô clerics clerics (sô/sôryo): attempts to reduce number of, 80–82, 86; classes of, 12–13, 25– 26, 33–35; corruption of, 119, 120; criticism of, 100–101, 135–37; current practices of, 1; decline in numbers of, 85–86, 86f; defense of home-leaving of, 138; distinction of from laity, 125–26, 231, 232; drafted, 227; function of in modern Japan, 232; household registration systems and, 66, 67, 78–80, 81–83, 93–94; meaning of term, xvi–xvii; monastic ideal of, 240–41; Ôtori’s reform proposals and, 104, 105, 107; perceptions of, 9; prohibition of...

Share