Local Story: The Massie-Kahahawai Case and the Culture of History

Notes

117 notes chapter 1: local boys 1. Papers of Governor Lawrence McCully Judd, HSA, Ala Moana Assault—January 1932 file, “Conversation between D. W. Watson and Ben Ahakuelo at the Honolulu Police Station, Wednesday, January 20, 1932, 2:10‒3:15 p.m.,” 2. 2. Words of Postmaster Charles F. Chillingworth, according to Pinkerton operative “E. V.” Pinkerton Report, HSA: entry for Honolulu, August 1, 1932. 3. Van Slingerland, Something Terrible Has Happened; Wright, Rape in Paradise;­ Packer and Thomas, The Massie Case. 4. Adams, “Education and Economic Outlook for the Boys of Hawaii, 3–22. 5. Adams, Annual Report of the [Honolulu] Police Department, 3. 6. Ibid., 3–7. 7. Emidio Cabico, “Lucky I Never Work Field,” ESOHP interview in Hanahana, ed. Kodama-Nishimoto, Nishimoto, and Oshiro, 124. 8. In secondary source texts, Asian American studies scholars have sometimes referred to these strikes in Hawai‘i as examples of pan-Asian alliances before World War II. Research into the strikes themselves, however, suggests that most strike activity by Filipino and Japanese laborers was concurrent rather than coordinated. I thank Jonathan Okamura for this repeated observation. 9. Takaki, Pau Hana, 65–66. 10. Okamura, “Aloha Kanaka Me Ke Aloha ‘Aina,” 122. 11. Ibid. 118 notes to pages 13–19 12. Ibid., 123. 13. “Pidgin” is the colloquial term used for what linguists call Hawai‘i Creole English, or HCE. In recent years some linguists have used the term Hawai‘i Creole, noting that English is not necessarily the only basis for grammatical structures in the language . Hawaiian and Portuguese, for example, have a significant impact on Hawai‘i Creole. See Sakoda and Siegel, Pidgin Grammar. 14. The remarks of one sugar planter cited in Takaki, Pau Hana, 65. 15. Reinecke, Language and Dialect in Hawaii, 193. Reinecke provides a detailed­ description of pidgin, or HCE, in this work—a revision of his 1935 master’s thesis completed at the University of Hawai‘i. 16. Ibid., 193–195. 17. Wright, Rape in Paradise, 29. 18. Upon his retirement from the Honolulu Fire Department, Ben Ahakuelo granted Drew McKillips an interview to discuss the Massie case and his son’s problems with the law. See “Isles’ Most Notorious Case Began in 1931,” Honolulu Advertiser, June 14, 1968, A3; and Drew McKillips, “‘I’ve Had to Live with This Thing for 35 Years,’” Honolulu Advertiser, June 14, 1968, A1. 19. Chang, “Lessons of Tolerance,” 115. 20. Undated report of Mrs. Tyssowski, Pinkerton Report interview files. 21. Ibid. 22. For similar recreational activities among Mexican American youths in Los Angeles, see Sánchez, Becoming Mexican American, 171–185. 23. For example, see Tamura, Americanization, Acculturation, and Ethnic Identity. 24. Some accounts incorrectly state that Ben Ahakuelo made a trip to New York in 1932, but in 1968 Ahakuelo told reporter Drew McKillips that he did not represent the territory in 1932 due to the hysteria generated by the case. McKillips, “‘I’ve Had to Live with This Thing for 35 Years,’” A3. 25. Judd papers, Terr. of Hawaii vs. Arthur Carter, et al. file, June 1933. Morimoto, “The Barefoot Leagues.” 26. Undated report of Mrs. Tyssowski, Pinkerton Report interview files. 27. Wright, Rape in Paradise, 22. 28. With its deep harbors and history of being the center of both royal and territorial governments, O‘ahu would come to hold a majority of the archipelago’s residents by the early 1920s. The effects of and commentary on the Massie case reached the eight major islands but primarily affected the island of O‘ahu. 29. Lind, “Some Ecological Patterns of Community Disorganization in Honolulu,” 206. 30. Ibid., 206–207. Lind completed this article a few months prior to the Massie case. The reference to “sex offenses” is to ones cited by Nelligan in his Ph.D. dissertation, “Social Change and Rape Law in Hawaii.” 31. Kame‘eleihiwa, Native Land and Foreign Desires, 3–12. 32. Lind, “Some Ecological Patterns of Community Disorganization in Honolulu,” 211–212. 33. Mauricio Mazón argues similarly that Mexican American youths in the famous notes to pages 20–23 119 “Zoot-Suit Riots” also congregated in gangs of this type. Mazón, The Zoot-Suit­Riots, 72. 34. Peter Martin, ESOHP participant in Kalihi, Place of Transition, 312. Martin is a Portuguese Hawaiian born in Kalihi in 1905; he held various jobs as a lighthouse boat worker, streetcar and trolley conductor, and Pearl Harbor shipyard worker. He played neighborhood...