Schopenhauer's Encounter with Indian Thought: Representation and Will and Their Indian Parallels

Contents

Contents Preface and Acknowledgments xiii List of Abbreviations xv one Introduction 1 two Schopenhauer in Context: The “Oriental Renaissance” 9 Three Schopenhauer’s Indian Sources: Hinduism 20 Schopenhauer’s Initial Contact with the “Oriental Renaissance”: Das Asiatische Magazin 20 Schopenhauer’s Encounter with the Bhagavad Gītā 23 Schopenhauer and Upanis adic Thought: The Oupnek’hat 25 The Oupnek’hat: How Reliable a Source? 32 four Schopenhauer’s Indian Sources: Buddhism 37 Schopenhauer’s Earliest Contacts with Buddhism 37 Rémusat, Deshauterayes, and I. J. Schmidt: Schopenhauer and the Mahāyāna 40 Schopenhauer’s Personal Attitude to Buddhism 45 five “Representation”: Schopenhauer and the Reality-Status of the World 49 The Starting Point for Philosophy: The World as Representation 50 Schopenhauer and Kant: The Separation of the Ideal from the Real 53 The Understanding (Verstand): Causality as the Root of Intuitive Perception 58 x Contents six The Reality-Status of the Empirical World: The Mādhyamika Teaching 66 Early Mahāyāna: Nāgārjuna and the Doctrine of Dependent Origination (Pratītya-samutpāda) 66 The Mādhyamika Reinterpretation of Dependent Origination 68 Emptiness (Śūnyatā) and Inherent Being (Svabhāva) 70 The “Two Truths” 72 The Truth of the Everyday World (Sam  vr ti-satya) 74 seven Advaita Vedānta: The World as Illusory Appearance 78 The “Two Standpoints” in Advaita Vedānta 79 Ajāta-vāda: The Doctrine of Non-origination 82 Theories of Causality and the Reality-Status of the World 86 eight Conclusions: Schopenhauer’s Representation and Its Indian Affinities 90 nine Schopenhauer’s Conception of the World as Will 103 Schopenhauer’s Critique of Kant’s Conception of the Thing-in-Itself 103 The Will as the Thing-in-Itself 107 Will and Intellect: The Primacy of Will 111 The Will in Nature 113 ten Schopenhauer: The Will in Its General Forms (Ideas) 120 The Ideas in Relation to Phenomena 121 The Ideas in Relation to Will 125 The Ideas and the Natural World 127 Contents xi eleven Metaphysical Factors behind the Empirical World: Advaita Vedānta 132 The Subtle and Causal Bodies of the Individual 134 Karmic Impressions (Vāsanās) and Formative Forces (Sam  skāras) 138 The Subtle and Causal Bodies of the Cosmos: Hiran yagarbha and Avyakta 142 twelve The Arising of the Empirical World in Buddhism: The Yogācāra Teaching 148 The Yogācāra School 149 The Doctrine of “Mind-Only” (Cittamātra) 152 The Store-Consciousness (Ālaya-vijñāna) 154 The Two Aspects of Karman 159 The Store-Consciousness as the Source of Suffering 161 thirteen Conclusions: Schopenhauer’s Will and Comparable Indian Ideas 165 Affinities between Schopenhauer’s Will and Indian Doctrines 166 Śakti and Will 174 fourteen The Ontological Status of Will 181 Will and Its Self-Denial 181 Will and the Thing-in-Itself 184 Manifestation and Final Reality in Indian Thought 188 fifteen Beyond the Will: “Better Consciousness” and the “Pure Subject of Knowing” 193 The “Better Consciousness” in the Early Manuscript Remains 193 The “Better Consciousness” and the Empirical Consciousness 198 The “Pure Subject of Knowing” 201 Some Indian Affinities 204 xii Contents sixteen The Hidden Compass: Schopenhauer and the Limits of Philosophy 207 “Rationalism” and “Illuminism” 208 The “Eye of the World” 211 The “Better Will” 214 seventeen Schopenhauer and Indian Thought 217 Notes 231 Bibliography 265 Index 275 ...