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1 The First Urbanization 1. Rabinow 1984, 20. 2. Yang 2004, 2. 3. Shin and Robinson 1999, 5. 4. Lefebvre 1991, 10–11. 5. Levy 1999, 30. 6. Kwon 1990, 266–267. 7. Hashiya 2004, 58. 8. Kwon 1990, 266–267. 9. Jung-Mok Sohn 1994, 67. 10. The eleven documents showing the planning process for Incheon are as follows (Sang-Ho Yang 1993, 69–75): 1. Map of Chemulpo (Jemulpo) just before the port opening. 2. Incheon Harbor and plan for the settlement reclamation (Sugimura Tanan, December 1880). 3. Map of Chemulpo, scale 1/500. 4. Partitioning map of the settlement. 5. Locations of the harbor, the reclaimed land, and the breakwater. 6. Drawing attached to the report of Kobayashi Tadakazu, Japanese consul at Incheon, sent to Takezoe Sinichi, Japanese minister to Korea, September 8, 1883. 7. Drawing attached to the Incheon Concession Treaty, signed September 30, 1883. 8. Drawing attached to the report of Yoshida Kiyonari, assistant deputy minister of foreign affairs, sent to the Japanese consul at Incheon, October 30, 1883. 9. Drawing attached to the report of the assistant deputy minister of foreign affairs, sent to the Japanese consul at Incheon, December 21, 1883. 10. Drawing attached to the report of the assistant deputy minister of foreign affairs, sent to the Japanese consul at Incheon, April 8, 1884. 11. Drawing attached to the Land Regulation of Incheon Chemulpo, concluded October 1884. 11. Jinnai 1995, 50–51. 12. William George Ashton (1841–1911), a British consular official in Japan and Korea, worked under the famous British diplomat Harry Parkes (1828–1885) and made a major contribution to the establishment of diplomatic order in East Asia. 13. Jung-Mok Sohn 1994, 153. 14. The four categories were (a) the lots situated on the south side of the Chinese settlement; (b) the lots situated on the north side of the Chinese settlement; (c) the lots east of the Japanese settlement; and (d) hill lots. The upset prices were ninety dollars per 100 sq m for Class A lots, six dollars per 100 sq m for Class B and C lots, and three dollars per 100 sq m for Class D lots. Yearly rentals were twenty dollars per 100 sq m for A lots, six dollars per 100 sq m for B and C lots, and two dollars per 100 sq m for D lots, of which the Korean government retained thirty cents per 100 sq m for rental costs. The remainder belonged to the municipal fund. (Land Regulation for the General Foreign Settlement at Chemulpo, preserved in the files of the Government-General of Joseon in the National Archives of Korea, Gakguk Georyuji Gwangye Chigeukseo, no. CJA0002274) Notes 154 Notes to Pages 6–15 15. Regulations for the Foreign Settlement at Chinnampo and Mokpo (signed October 16, 1897) and Regulations for the Foreign Settlement at Kunsan, Masampo, and Songjin (signed June 2, 1899), preserved in the files of the GovernmentGeneral of Joseon in the National Archives of Korea, Gakguk Georyuji Gwangye Chigeukseo, no. CJA0002274. 16. Kue-Jin Song 2002, 204. 17. Il-Su Kim 2003, 110. 18. The number of the fortress walls varied from 122 to 146. Heon-Kyu Kim 2006. 19. Hwangbo and Han 2004, 842. 20. Jung Mok Sohn 1994, 334. 21. The South Manchuria Railway Company (Minami Manshū Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha, or Mantetsu) was a company founded in 1906 and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria railway zone. The railway itself ran from Lüshun Port at the southern tip of the Liaodong peninsula to Harbin, where it connected to the Chinese Eastern Railway. 22. Koshizawa 2005, 197. 23. Ibid., 185. 24. Ishida 1987, 81. 25. Goto Shimpei, who became the head of civilian affairs in the Government-General of Taiwan after the Sino-Japanese war, created the City Ward Improvement Committee in 1898, announcing city ward improvement planning for the 115.5 ha area inside the fortress of Taipei. Afterwards, city ward improvement planning was subsequently implemented in Taiwan’s major cities, including Hsinchu, Changhua, Keelung, Kaohsiung, and Tainan, from 1905 to 1911. Huang and Lee 1994, 299. 26. Miake 1908, 37. 27. Watanabe 1993, 81. 28. In August 1910, Japan formally annexed Korea and established the Government-General of Joseon, headed by the governor-general. This official commanded the army and navy of Korea and had the right to appoint and remove other officials and control the courts. Subject only to the Japanese emperor, he exerted administrative, legislative, judicial, and...

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