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Notes to Pages xi–3 133 Notes foreword 1. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature (New York: Free Press, 2001), 384. 2. James Hamilton-Paterson, Seven-Tenths: The Sea and Its Thresholds (New York: Europa Editions, 2009), 60. 3. Ricardo Padrón, “A Sea of Denial: The Early Modern Spanish Invention of the Spanish Rim,” Hispanic Review 77.1 (Winter 2009): 11–17. 4. Martin W. Lewis and Kären E. Wigen, Myth of the Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Lewis, “Dividing the Ocean Sea,” GeographicalReview 89 (1999): 188–211. The Pacific was claimed as an “American Lake” in the late nineteenth century, a notion that lasted until the 1970s. See Christopher L. Connery, “Pacific Rim Discourse: The US Global Imagining in the Late Cold War Years,” Boundary 21.1 (Spring 1994): 40–41. inTroducTion 1. Vicente de Memije, Aspecto Symbólico del Mundo Hispánico: Puntualmente Arreglado al Geográfico (Manila, 1761). Preserved in the Map Collection of the British Library. The original drawing on rice paper is housed in Madrid, Spain, at the Centro Geográfico del Ejército. 2. Ricardo Padrón, “From Abstraction to Allegory: The Imperial Cartography of Vicente de Memije,” in Early American Cartographies, ed. Martin Brückner (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 59. 3. Ricardo Padrón, The Spacious Word: Cartography, Literature, and Empire in Early Modern Spain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 232–235; and “From Abstraction to Allegory,” 35–66. This image has been very popular in placing the Philippines in a Spanish world. Oskar Spate began chapter 12 of his book Monopolists and Freebooters (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), titled “Manila: The Last Galleon,” with Memije’s map (pp. 278–280). Others who have referred to the allegorical map include David Irving, “Musical Politics of Empire: The Loa in Eighteenth-Century Manila,” Early Music 32.3 (2004): 384–402; and Carla Rahn Phillips “Spain and the Pacific,” MainS’l Haul: A Journal of Pacific Maritime History 41.4 and 42.1 (Fall 2005/ Winter 2006): 4–13. 4. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson, eds., The Philippine Islands, 1493– 1898 (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1905), vol. 49 of 55, 345. 5. Padrón, “From Abstraction to Allegory,” 38. 134 Notes to Pages 4–7 6. Wayne E. Lee, “Projecting Power in the Early Modern World: The Spanish Model?” in Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World, ed. Wayne E. Lee (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 1–16. 7. J. H. Parry, The Discovery of the Sea (New York: The Dial Press, 1974), xii. 8. Ricardo Padrón, “Sea of Denial: The Early Modern Spanish Invention of the Pacific Rim,” Hispanic Review 77 (2009): 5–6. 9. O. H. K. Spate, The Pacific since Magellan: The Spanish Lake (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979). 10. Ida Altman, “The Spanish Atlantic, 1650–1780,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World,1450–1850, ed. Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 183–200. Citation is from p. 188. 11. Murdo MacLeod, Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520–1720 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008). 12. Joyce E. Chaplin, “The Atlantic Ocean and Its Contemporary Meanings, 1492–1808,” in Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal, ed. Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 35–51. Despite her attempt to tie the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, Chaplin’s chapter is exceptional in that it regards the “secondary” ocean on par with the Atlantic. Her new research direction of writing a history of European circumnavigations also transcends Atlantic confines. 13. Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies , and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2001); Juan Pimentel, “The Iberian Vision: Science and Empire in the Framework of the Universal Monarchy, 1500–1800,” Osiris 15 (2000): 17–30; Gabriel B. Paquette, Enlightenment, Governance, and Reform in Spain and Its Empire, 1759–1808 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). 14. Peter Coclanis, “Atlantic World or Atlantic/World?” The William and Mary Quarterly 63.4 (Oct. 2006): 725–742. 15. See also his “ReOrienting Atlantic History: The Global Dimension of the ‘Western’ Rice Trade,” in The Atlantic in Global History, 1500–2000, ed. Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra and Erik R. Seeman (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2007...

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