The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684-1757

Contents

v Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 1 Chinese Private Maritime Trade and Global Integration 19 2 Reconsidering Overseas Trade: The Chinese Intellectual Response to the Emerging Global Economy 41 3 The Northeast Asian Trade Network, the Manchu Procommerce Tradition, and the 1684 Open-Door Trade Policy 57 4 Enriching the State by Cherishing Private Trade: The Kangxi Emperor and the 1684 Open Trade Policy 79 5 Separating Trade from Tribute: Kangxi Ends the Tribute Trade System 99 6 The Establishment of the Qing Maritime Customs System and the Growth of Private Trade 116 7 Economic Interests, Security Concerns, and the Tribute System: Kangxi’s Response to Tokugawa Japan’s Licensing System 137 8 The Kangxi Emperor Bans Trade with Southeast Asia 153 9 Western Merchants, Local Interests, and Christian Penetration: A New Interpretation of the Canton System 169 Conclusion 187 Notes 195 Glossary 233 Bibliography 235 Index 263 ...