The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684-1757

Cover

The Qing Opening to the Ocean gang zhao Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684–1757 THE QING OPENING TO THE OCEAN Perspectives on the Global Past Jerry H. Bentley and Anand A. Yang SERIES EDITORS Interactions: Transregional Perspectives on World History Edited by Jerry H. Bentley, Renate Bridenthal, and Anand A. Yang Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World Edited by Victor H. Mair Seascapes: Maritime Histories, Littoral Cultures, and Transoceanic Exchanges Edited by Jerry H. Bentley, Renate Bridenthal, and Kären Wigen Anthropology’s Global Histories: The Ethnographic Frontier in German New Guinea, 1870–1935 Rainer F. Buschmann Creating the New Man: From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities Yinghong Cheng Glamour in the Pacific: Cultural Internationalism and Race Politics in the Women’s Pan-Pacific Fiona Paisley The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684–1757 Gang Zhao The Qing Opening to the Ocean Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684–1757 Gang Zhao University of Hawai‘i Press Honolulu © 2013 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zhao, Gang, author. The Qing opening to the ocean : Chinese maritime policies, 1684–1757 / Gang Zhao. pages cm — (Perspectives on the global past) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8248-3643-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. China—Commerce—History—17th century. 2. China—Commerce—History—18th century. 3. China—History—Qing dynasty, 1644–1912. I.Title. II. Series: Perspectives on the global past. HF3835.Z443 2013 382'.3095109033—dc23 2012029393 Publication of this book has been assisted by a grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange. University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Composited by Mardee Melton of the University of Hawai‘i Press Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc. ...