Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War

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Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia J O S H U A F O G E L , G E N E R A L E D I T O R For most of its past, East Asia was a world unto itself. The land now known as China sat roughly at its center and was surrounded by a number of places now called Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia, and Tibet, as well as a host of lands absorbed into one of these. The peoples and cultures of these lands interacted among themselves with virtually no reference to the outside world before the dawn of early modern times. The World of East Asia is a book series that aims to support the production of research on the interactions, both historical and contemporary, between and among these lands and their cultures and peoples and between East Asia and its Central, South, and Southeast Asian neighbors. Se r i e s Ti t l e s Crossing Empire’s Edge Foreign Ministry Police and Japanese Expansionism in Northeast Asia by Erik Esselstrom Memory Maps The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan by Mariko Asano Tamanoi Remote Homeland, Recovered Borderland Manchus, Manchoukuo, and Manchuria, 1907–1985 by Shao Dan Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia A History of Diplomacy and War by Wang Zhenping T H E W O R L D O F E A S T A S I A Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia A History of Diplomacy and War Wang Zhenping University of Hawai‘i Press HonolUlU © 2013 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wang, Zhenping, author. Tang China in multi-polar Asia : a history of diplomacy and war / Wang Zhenping. pages cm. — (The world of East Asia) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBn 978-0-8248-3644-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. China—History—Tang dynasty, 618–907. 2. China—Foreign relations— Asia. 3. Asia—Foreign relations—China. I. Title. II. Series: World of East Asia. DS749.35.W425 2013 951’.017—dc23 2013008413 University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on library Resources. Series designed by Paul Herr, University of Hawai‘i Press. Composited by Wanda China. Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc. To the memory of Denis Crispin Twitchett (1925–2006) ...