Making a Moral Society: Ethics and the State in Meiji Japan

Index

219 Abe Jirō, 146, 160 Admonition to Soldiers and Sailors, 4 alterity (otherness): Fredric Jameson on, 167n.3; and Hiratsuka Raichō, 159; and national morality, 125, 140, 151, 200n.112; of religion, 73, 74; and violence, 116, 128, 151, 192n.3 anarchism, xiii, 102, 120, 153; as contested term, 114, 142; as dangerous thought, 115–116, 126, 128–129, 150–151; and “other” moral communities, 151; and Red Flag Incident, 128, 142; and resistance to national morality, 134–135. See also dangerous thought ancestor worship: and Hozumi Yatsuka, 120, 194n.8; in moral training textbooks, 132, 136; and national morality, 118–119 Ancient Studies School. See Kogaku Anesaki Masaharu, 141 Arahata Kanson, 128, 135, 143–144 Aristotle, 43, 44 Ashio copper mine, 128, 135, 195n.33, 197n.57 authority theories of ethics, 139–140 Boshin Edict (Boshin shōsho), 134, 147, 196n.52 Boxer War, 98–99 British idealism, 112. See also Green, T.H. Buckle, Henry Thomas, 11, 170n.30, 186n.1 Buddhism, 7, 9; esoteric, 16; as intellectual religion, 63–64; and karma (ingasetsu), 60–61, 70, 108–109; and King of Immovable Wisdom, 16–17; morality of, 60–62, 67–68, 108, 182n.2; and no-self doctrine (muga ron), 55–56, 68, 108–109, 188n.22; as “otherworldly ” teaching, 42; samsara, 61; and satori, 108; social utility of, 65–68. See also Christianity, Buddhist critique of; Confucianism, Buddhist critique of; evolution, and Buddhism bunka. See culture bunmei: Arahata Kanson on, 144; and Charter Oath, 12; and violence, 99–100; vs. wénmíng, 99–100. See also bunmeikaika; civilization bunmeikaika, 2; defined, xiii; Douglas Howland on, 168n.1, Nishimura Shigeki on, 169n.14, 170n.22. See also bunmei; civilization bushidō, 98 Butler, Judith, 21, 173n.63 capitalism: as immoral, 126, 135, 140, 149; Katayama Sen on, 136; Sakamoto Seima on, 142 causality, doctrine of, xiv, 9, 57, 64, 68; ingasetsu/karma as, 60–61, 70, 108–109; Inoue Tetsujirō on, 35, 60; Katō Hiroyuki on, 59; Kozaki Index 220 Index Hiromichi on, 72; Nishimura Shigeki on, 44 Charter Oath, 12 China, 28, 77, 105, 192n.1; and Boxer War, 98; and family system, 130; Hegel on, 187n.9; and national character, 82, 84, 86, 130, 156, 193n.4; and rinri, 47; and SinoJapanese War, 99–100; and wénmíng, 99–100 Christianity: Buddhist critique of, 58–62, 64, 68, 78; collision between education and religion, 79; and evolution, xiv, 59–60, 70; Inoue Tetsujirō’s critique of, 59–60, 65, 66–67, 74, 78; and interiority, 74, 77–79; as irrational, 58, 64, 73, 182n.4; “new spirit” of, 69, 79; as “otherworldly” teaching, 42, 64, 65, 120; as revelatory religion, 74; as socially divisive, xiv, 65–67, 74, 78; social utility of, 68–70; and transcendent moral authority, 78. See also God; Kozaki Hiromichi; Uchimura Kanzō; Uemura Masahisa Chu Hsi Confucianism. See Confucianism; Shushigaku civilization: contesting hierarchies of, 81–83, 86, 90, 92, 97, 100–101, 103, 111; defined, xiii; hierarchies of, xv, 8, 44, 85, 87, 146; and progress, 8, 11, 85. See also bunmei; bunmeikaika; civilizing; ethics, of civilization civilizing, 7, 25; critique of, 9, 16–17; of the “foolish,” xiii, 2, 12; and legislation, xi, 10–13, 15, 99; as social control, 2. See also bunmeikaika; civilization civil society, 163–165 Comte, Auguste, 23, 34; and three stages of social development, 73 Confucianism: Buddhist critique of, 62–63; and Chu Hsi, 23; and five relations, 47, 180n.87; as form of ethics, 103; heaven-human unity, 109; Inoue Tetsujirō on, 97–99, 101–106; Motoda Eifu on, 66; as natural religion, 74; Neo-Confucianism, 1, 6, 23–24, 25, 54, 169n.10, 173n.2, 174n.5; Nishi Amane’s critique of, 24–26; Nishimura Shigeki on, 42–44, 53, 63, 64, 120; as outmoded thought, 9–10, 28, 29; as practical studies, 23–24, 28–29; Thomas Havens on, 54. See also Kogaku; Shushigaku; Yōmeigaku cosmopolitanism, 157; and nationalism, 96–97 creationism: critique of, 59–60; defense of, 60 culture, x, 46, 93, 127, 193n.4; Christianity as wellspring of, 69; essentialized attributes of, 131; and 1930s discourse on, 157, 201n.11; and spiritual culture, 112. See also Kulturkampf dangerous thought, xi, xv, xvi, 114; Fukasaku Yasubumi on, 127–128; Inoue Tetsujirō on, 126; national morality as, 151; as obstacle to the ideal, 128; suppression of, 114–118, 120, 121, 125, 129–131; Yamagata Aritomo on, 127. See also anarchism; individualism; literary naturalism; new woman; socialism de Certeau, 80, 186n...