The Ideology of Kokugo: Nationalizing Language in Modern Japan

Contents

v Contents Translator’s Introduction ix Acknowledgments xix Prologue: Language and the Imagined Community 1 Introduction: The Japanese Language before Kokugo: Views of Mori Arinori and Baba Tatsui 7 I-1. Mori Arinori’s View of the Japanese Language / 7 I-2. Baba Tatsui’s Criticism of Mori Arinori / 14 I-3. Baba Tatsui’s Linguistic Void / 18 PART I: Kokugo Issues in Early Meiji Chapter 1 Perspectives on Kokuji, the National Script 23 1-1. The Meaning of Writing and the Representation of Language / 23 1-2. Proposals by Maejima Hisoka to Abolish Kanji / 24 1-3. Proposals by Scholars of the West: Kana and Rōmaji for National Script / 27 1-4. The Kokuji Reform Movement in the Second Decade of Meiji / 29 1-5. Kokuji Problems in the Fourth Decade of Meiji / 32 Chapter 2 Genbun Itchi and Kokugo 38 2-1. Linguistic Crisis and Genbun Itchi / 38 2-2. From Script Reform to Genbun Itchi: Maejima Hisoka, Nishi Amane, and Kanda Takahira / 40 2-3. Genbun Itchi by Mozume Takami and B. H. Chamberlain / 42 2-4. Tokyo Language and Genbun Itchi / 45 2-5. Meiji Standard Written Style and Genbun Itchi / 49 2-6. Imperialism and Genbun Itchi / 50 vi Contents Chapter 3 The Creation of Kokugo 54 3-1. Conception of Kokugo / 54 3-2. Changes in the Concept of Kokugo in Early Meiji / 56 3-3. Ōtsuki Fumihiko and the Development of Kokugo / 61 3-4. Creation of the Ideology of Kokugo / 64 Part II: Ueda Kazutoshi and His Ideas about Language Chapter 4 The Early Period of Ueda Kazutoshi 73 4-1. From Kokubun to Kokugo / 73 4-2. The Neogrammarians and the All-German Language Society / 78 4-2-1. The Neogrammarians’ Revolution from Above / 79 4-2-2. The All-German Language Association and Its Language-Purification Movement / 82 Chapter 5 Kokugo and Kokka 87 5-1. Politicizing Kokugo / 87 5-2. Mother and Homeland / 90 5-3. For Kokugo / 93 Chapter 6 From Kokugo Studies to Kokugo Politics 96 6-1. Scheme for Kokugogaku / 96 6-2. Hyōjungo and Genbun Itchi / 98 6-3. Kokugo Politics and Kokugogaku / 104 6-4. Kokugo to Be Taught / 106 6-5. From Kokugo to Imperial Language / 108 6-6. The Later Years of Ueda Kazutoshi / 110 Part III: Kokugogaku and Linguistics Chapter 7 Hoshina Kōichi—a Forgotten Scholar 117 7-1. From Ueda to Hoshina / 117 7-2. Kokugo and the Colonies / 121 Chapter 8 The History of Kokugogaku 125 8-1. Kokugogaku vs. Linguistics / 125 8-2. Hoshina’s Abbreviated History of Kokugogaku / 127 8-3. Systematizing Kokugogaku / 129 8-4. Yamada Yoshio’s Concise History of Kokugogaku / 133 8-5. Tokieda Motoki’s History of Kokugogaku / 134 Contents vii Chapter 9 Tradition and Reform in Kokugo 137 9-1. Linguistics and Kokugo Reform / 137 9-2. Dispute over the Revision of Kana Usage / 140 9-3. Yamada Yoshio and the Tradition of Kokugo / 142 9-4. Tokieda Motoki and the Theory of Language as Process / 147 Part IV: Hoshina Ko -ichi and His Language Policies Chapter 10 The Ideology of Hyōjungo 155 10-1. Hyōjungo and Kyōtsūgo / 155 10-2. Dialects and the Standard Language / 156 10-3. From Hyōjungo to Political Issues in Kokugo / 158 Chapter 11 Korea and Poland 160 11-1. Korea and Poland: Double Exposure / 160 11-2. Kokugo Education and Assimilation Policy / 161 11-3. Language Policy in German Poland / 164 11-4. The School Strike and the March First Movement / 166 Chapter 12 What Is Assimilation? 170 12-1. Colonization and Assimilation / 170 12-2. Eradication of the Ethnic Language in Colonized Korea / 173 12-3. What Is Assimilation? / 176 Chapter 13 Manchukuo and the State Language 182 13-1. The Multiethnic Nation Manchukuo / 182 13-2. A Multiethnic Nation and Political Language Problems / 183 13-3. The State Language Debate in the Austro-Hungarian Empire / 185 13-4. The Idea of Kokka-go / 187 Chapter 14 Language for the Co-Prosperity Sphere and the Internationalization of the Japanese Language 193 14-1. Debates on Kana Script in Manchukuo / 193 14-2. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and Kokugo Policy / 195 14-3. The Japanese Language Expanding Worldwide / 197 14-4. The First Conference on Provisions of Kokugo / 199 14-5. The Second Conference on Provisions of Kokugo / 203 14-6. Kokugo Reform...