Bones of Contention: Animals and Religion in Contemporary Japan

Index

Index Page numbers in boldface type refer to illustrations. abortion. See mizuko Adachi Yoshiyuki, 195n1 afterlife: of pets, 163–65, 168, 175–83, 176, 179. See also karma altars, 132–38, 133, 151, 165, 169, 175 Amaterasu Ōmikami (deity), 163 Amitābha Sutra, 201n70 amulets, 29, 67, 92, 95, 99, 171 animal memorial rites, 9, 49–51, 112–13; bears and, 57; burials and, 49, 86–87, 112, 127; definition of, 52–53; in food industry, 71–81; livestock and, 72–74; pet memorial rites versus, 112–13; premodern, 52–56; at research laboratories, 80–83, 210n106; spiritualist views of, 165–66; taxation of, 101–4, 121; whales and, 57–62, 61, 62, 75, 85; at zoos, 83–87. See also memorial rites Animal Welfare Day, 81, 86 animal welfare legislation, 82, 96, 112 anthropomorphism, 14, 19–20, 163, 198n48 Anti-Subversive Activities Law, 212n12 Aoyama Cemetery (Tokyo), 187–88, 188, 190–91 aquariums. See zoos Asquith, Patricia, 23, 80–83, 115 astrology, 32–33. See also psychics Aum Shinrikyō sarin attack (1995), 7, 12, 93, 121, 166, 184, 193, 212n12 Azusawa Boen cemetery (Tokyo), 125–26, 148–49, 153–54, 161–62 Bailey, Bodart, 44 bakemono (“shape-shifter”), 28, 45 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 194 Bargen, Doris, 28 Batō Kannon (bodhisattva), 38–39, 106, 203n88 bears, 49, 57, 58 beastly existence (chikushōdō), 26, 35– 38, 63, 125, 181; Batō Kannon and, 203n88; posthumous names and, 111; spiritualist views of, 159–60, 175–77; terms for, 199n27, 200n31 Bekoff, Marc, 210n106 Benten (deity), 76–77 Bernstein, Andrew, 127, 153 Bestor, Theodore C., 79 Bin (Buddhist cleric), 31 blood festival, 55 blowfish, 76–79, 78 bōshō (beasts), 35 Botanikakyō (Botany Sutra), 24 Boym, Svetlana, 87 Brahma Net Sutra (Bonmōkyō), 37, 38, 40, 42, 159 Brasher, Brenda, 193 Bukkyō Heiwa Kai pet cemetery (Kawasaki), 141 Bulliet, Richard, 21–22 burial. See cemeteries 258 | Index Carrier Pigeon Association, 70, 71 cats, 4, 5, 63; gravestone of, 176; spirit possession by, 45, 64; vengeful spirits of, 164–70, 183–84 cattle, 43; disposal of, 49, 112, 127; as draft animals, 40; foot-and-mouth disease in, 72–73; memorial rites for, 73–74 cemeteries, 6; critics of, 93, 110–11, 163, 192–94; Foucault on, 15, 125; iconography of, 39; necrogeography of, 11, 13, 124–26, 141–55, 144, 148; profitability of, 99–100, 130; in United States, 125, 140, 196n27; zoo animals in, 86. See also cremation chikushōdō. See beastly existence chi matsuri (blood festival), 55 Chōfukuji Temple (Niigata Prefecture ), 141, 149–51, 150 Chōrakuji Temple (Nagoya), 94 circuses, 83. See also zoos cock fights, 49 Como, Michael, 31, 34–35 Contemplation Sutra, 201n70 Corporate Tax Law, 92, 101, 109, 118 cosmology, 17, 28–35 Covell, Stephen, 93 Cove, The (film), 17 cremation, 138–42; Buddhist views of, 132; burial after, 124–32, 165; controversies about, 126–27; human, 127, 131, 146; joint-species burials after, 13, 143–55, 148, 150, 174; laws governing, 127; memorial rites and, 107, 115, 116, 130–32; process of, 146; spiritualist views of, 164, 165; trucks used for, 131, 174. See also cemeteries Daimaru Hideshi, 83, 210n113 Davies, Douglas, 146 Day of the Beloved Horse, 67 deer, 29–32, 41, 159, 202n76 disposal. See waste disposal divination (mikuji), 29, 92, 95 dōbutsu (animals), 24, 28, 45; chikushō versus, 159–60; kigyō versus, 27, 200n31 dōbutsu kuyō. See animal memorial rites dōbutsu no bodaiji (ancestral temple for animals), 117 dogs, 4–5, 187; development of mortuary rituals for, 63; folklore of, 64, 202n76; gambling on fights of, 49; legal protections for, 43–44; military memorials to, 69–71; military uses of, 66–67, 207n50, 208n57; police , 67, 86; raccoon, 19, 28, 34, 64; seeing-eye, 67, 86, 173, 205n2; stray, 44; stupas for, 64 doll memorial rites, 54, 95, 111–12, 208n52; pet versus, 115–17; taxation of, 101, 102, 121 dragons, 25, 33, 39, 60, 159; torments of, 36, 202n74 Ehara Hiroyuki, 172–75, 179–80, 185, 221n74 Ekōin Temple (Tokyo), 104–10, 106, 132; fees of, 107–8; Tax Agency’s lawsuit against, 90–91, 108–14, 117–22 Elder, Glen, 14 ema tablets, 99, 177 Emel, Jody, 14, 198n45 environmentalism, 46, 80, 81 Episcopal Church, 196n27 Index | 259 euthanasia, 8, 48, 183, 205n124 exceptionalism. See uniqueness theory exorcism, 46. See also spirit propitiation falconry, 41, 56 fee schedules, of pet cemeteries, 96– 99, 103–4...