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Acknowledgments Many kind persons provided invaluable assistance for this project. One of the most pleasant tasks in the completion of the book is expressing appreciation for their contributions. The staff of the Adams County Historical Society on the campus of the Lutheran Theological Seminary merits special appreciation. I spent many pleasant hours in their interesting and cozy building, and everybody was consistently helpful. Similarly supportive were the staff of the Alexander Mack Library, Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, Va.; A. R. Wentz Library at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg (special thanks to Roberta Brent); Beneficial-Hodson Library , Hood College, Frederick, Md.; Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.; Evangelical and Reformed Historical Society and the Philip Schaff Library at Lancaster Theological Seminary, Lancaster, Pa.; John T. Reily Historical Society, McSherrystown, Pa.; Lauinger Library, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C.; Library and Archives, York County Heritage Trust, York, Pa.; Library and Research Center, Gettysburg National Military Park; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Millersville University Library, Millersville University , Millersville, Pa.; Musselman Library, Gettysburg College; the National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Phillips Library, Mount St. Mary’s University, Emmitsburg , Md.; Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, Pa.; and State Library of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pa. Robert Tout of the Bridgewater College library faithfully completed many requests for interlibrary loans. The Gettysburg Presbyterian Church graciously opened its archives and allowed the use of a Sunday school room to read them. Jean Odom shared her collection of materials from St. Paul’s African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and was very generous with her time and hospitality. Bridgewater College aided this project with two sabbatical leaves—one at the beginning of the venture and another at the end—and annual faculty research grants funded numerous research trips to Gettysburg and elsewhere. I am indebted to the college’s President Philip C. Stone, President George E. Cornelius , Vice-President and Dean for Academic Affairs Arthur C. Hessler, and Vice-President and Dean for Academic Affairs Carol A. Scheppard. Carl Bow- xiv Acknowledgments man, Pamela Cochran, Ann-Marie Codori, Bill Codori, Toviah Floyd, Nicholas Picerno, Jonathan Stayer, Larry Taylor, and Michael Utzinger assisted in a variety of ways. Readers of parts or all of the manuscript were Paul Anderson, Edward Ayers, Steven Burg, Eric Campbell, Ruth Doan, Charles Glatfelter, Jennifer Graber, and Steven Nolt. They gave very generously of their time and expertise to spare me from embarrassing mistakes and greatly improved the manuscript with sensible and wise observations. Lew and Carol, my grown children, deserve much appreciation for their continued conversation and interest and for being such good listeners. Finally, special thanks to Ada, my wife, for her support, patience, and understanding what I do with my summers, and, especially, for her love. ...

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