Abstract

New York Harbor is a sprawling network of tidal bays, inlets, channels, and creeks set within both the broader Hudson Estuary and the urban matrix of New York City. Its geography is recent in geological time-the product of glaciers that receded only fifteen thousand years ago. Many natural habitats may be found in the Harbor, from freshwater and brackish wetlands, to boulder and bedrock shores, to sand beaches. Its annual temperature range is extreme, resulting in a dynamic biota that changes seasonally.

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