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Notes Introduction: Civil Rights in New York City Clarence Taylor 1. Thomas Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North (New York: Random House, 2008), xv–xvi. 2. Clarence Taylor, The Black Churches of Brooklyn (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Knocking at Our Own Door: Milton A. Galamison and the Struggle to Integrate New York City Schools (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor, eds., Civil Rights since 1787: A Reader on the Black Struggle (New York: New York University Press, 2000). 3. Some works are James R. Ralph Jr., Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Martha Biondi, To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); Randal Maurice Jelks, African Americans in the Furniture City: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Grand Rapids (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006); Jeanne F. Theoharis and Komozi Woodard, Freedom North: Black Freedom Struggles outside the South (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); Jeanne Theoharis and Komozi Woodard, Groundwork: Local Black Freedom Movements in America (New York: New York University Press, 2005); Gretchen Cassel, Dissent in Wichita: The Civil Rights Movement in the Midwest (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001); Mathew Countryman, Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005); Adina Back, ‘‘Up South in New York: The 1950s School Desegregation Struggles’’ (PhD diss., New York University, 1997); Jeanne F. Theoharis, ‘‘ ‘We Saved the City’: Black Struggles for Educational Equality in Boston,’’ Radical History Review 81 (2001): 61–93; Gerald Horne, The Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995); Thomas Sugrue, Origins of 219 220 Notes to pages 1–12 the Urban Crisis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996); Taylor, Knocking at Our Own Door. 4. Birnbaum and Taylor, Civil Rights since 1787, 388–93, 539–47. 5. Lizabeth Cohn, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919– 1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Biondi, To Stand and Fight, 16; Mark Naison, Communists in Harlem during the Depression (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 50–51; Peter Levy, ‘‘Gloria Richardson and the Civil Rights Movement in Cambridge, Maryland,’’ in Theoharis and Woodard , Groundwork, 97–115; Taylor, Knocking at Our Own Door, 158–60. 6. ‘‘Identify the Enemy,’’ New York Teacher News editorial, February 26, 1944. 7. Edward B. Fiske, ‘‘New York Growth Is Linked to Immigration,’’ New York Times, February 22, 1991; Cao O, ‘‘Providing Leadership to Asian Agencies : Asian American Federation of New York,’’ http://www.naswnyc.org/ CSPP/Asian/providingLeadership.html. 1. To Be a Good American: The New York Teachers Union and Race during the Second World War Clarence Taylor 1. Martha Biondi, To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 243–44; Joshua B. Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor since World War II (New York: Free Press, 2000), 72–74; New York Teacher News, October 9, 1943. 2. Freeman, Working-Class New York, 73; New York Teacher News, October 9, 1943, and October 16, 1943. 3. Celia Lewis Zitron, The New York City Teachers Union, 1916–1964 (New York: Humanities Press, 1968), 15–27; New York Teachers Union Membership List of 1940, Rapp-Coudert Papers, State Library of New York, Albany. 4. Michael Denning, The Cultural Front (London: Verso, 1997), 4–9. 5. New York Teachers Union Membership List of 1940; Heinrich W. Guggenheimer and Eva H. Guggenheimer, Jewish Family Names and Their Origins: An Etymological Dictionary (Newark, N.J.: KTAV, 2007). There is no way of determining the exact number of Jewish teachers in the union. I have not found any information on the religious, racial, or ethnic makeup of its membership. Therefore, I have relied on surnames that appear in the 1940 membership list. To be sure, there are some problems with this method. Some non-Jewish members may have been married to Jews and used their spouses’ names. On the other hand, there may have been Jews who were married to non-Jewish members and used their spouses’ last names. Many Jews changed their last names to more Anglicized names. Moreover, some surnames are shared by Jews and non-Jews. Although an examination of surnames is far from perfect, such an approach gives [18.188.20.56] Project MUSE (2024-04...

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