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Notes
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Notes Frequently cited manuscript repositories and government documents are identified in the Notes by the following abbreviations: CG Congressional Globe CU Butler Library, Columbia University ISHL Illinois State Historical Library LC Library of Congress MHS Massachusetts Historical Society Introduction 1. Harold Francis Williamson, Edward Atkinson: The Biography of an American Liberal , 1827–1905 (Boston: Old Corner Bookstores, 1934), 8–9; William M. Grosvenor, ‘‘The Law of Conquest the True Basis of Reconstruction,’’ The New Englander 29 (January 1865): 126; Grosvenor, ‘‘The Rights of the Nation, and the Duty of Congress,’’ The New Englander 29 (October 1865): 770. 2. Carl Schurz, Speeches, Correspondence, and Political Papers of Carl Schurz, Frederic Bancroft, ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), 1:420, 444. 3. Chicago Tribune, January 20, 1862. 4. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. (New York: Vintage Books, 1955), 139; Ari Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865–1883 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1961), viii, 33, 39–40, 100. 5. John G. Sproat, ‘‘The Best Men’’: Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 43, 281, 76, 277, 85. See William Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–1879 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 61; Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils, 100, viii; Michael E. McGerr, The Decline of Popular Politics: The American North, 1865–1928 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 55; Richard H. Abbott, The Republican Party and the South, 1855–1877: The First Southern Strategy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 218; and Mark W. Summers , Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 285, n. 8. Hoogenboom used the term ‘‘Best People’’ in 1961, but historians have adopted Sproat’s 1968 term ‘‘Best Men.’’ Neither Hoogenboom nor Sproat show any evidence that these were contemporary terms; Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils, 33; Sproat, ‘‘Best Men,’’ vii, 7. 6. Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils, viii, 50, 33. 7. Hans L. Trefousse, Carl Schurz: A Biography (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982), 167–68; Schurz, Speeches, Correspondence, 1:458; Joseph Logsdon, Horace White, Nineteenth-Century Liberal (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1971), 156; William Grosvenor to Edward Atkinson, April 5, 1872, Edward Atkinson Papers, MHS; Jacob D. Cox to William M. Grosvenor, Jacob D. Cox Papers, Oberlin College; Jacob D. Cox to Carl Schurz, April 5, 1872, Carl Schurz Papers, LC. Of the thirty to forty men at the meeting founding the national liberal republican movement on November 22, 1870, I 242 Notes to Pages xvi–xxi have been able to determine that in 1872 six supported Greeley while ten supported Grant. 8. Joel Silbey, The American Political Nation, 1838–1893 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), 6, 130; William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967). 9. Michael F. Holt, ‘‘Change and Continuity in the Party Period: The Substance and Structure of American Politics, 1835–1885,’’ in Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000, ed. Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 106. 10. Carl Schurz to Margarethe Meyer Schurz, August 31, 1867, October 12 and 26, 1867, March 29, 1868, in Intimate Letters of Carl Schurz, 1841–1869, Joseph Schafer, ed. (Madison : State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1928), 392, 407, 415, 431; Jacob D. Cox to David A. Wells, April 4, 1872, David A. Wells Papers, LC; Carl Schurz to Edwin Godkin, November 23, 1872, in Schurz, Speeches, Correspondence, 2:448. Richard Franklin Bensel has recently reinforced the idea of ethnocultural issues as the driving force in elections by arguing that party agents, not political ideologies, were pivotal in determining midnineteenth -century voting behaviors and election outcomes; see Bensel, The American Ballot Box in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004). 11. Jean Harvey Baker, ‘‘Politics, Paradigms, and Public Culture,’’ Journal of American History 84 (December 1997): 895; Mark Voss-Hubbard, ‘‘The ‘Third Party Tradition’ Reconsidered: Third Parties and American Public Life, 1830–1900,’’ Journal of American History 86 (June 1999): 122. 12. Mark Voss-Hubbard, Beyond Party: Cultures of Antipartisanship in Northern Politics Before the Civil War (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2002), x, ix; Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), xii; Nancy Cohen...