Bread upon the Waters: The St. Petersburg Grain Trade and the Russian Economy, 1703-1811

Index

291 index R admiralty, 51, 209 agriculture, abandonment of: as reaction to low grain prices, 62–63, 69, 78, 82, 114, 187–88, 243n13; as cause of high grain prices, 42, 114 alcohol, 66, 115–16, 154, 168, 258n7. See also distilleries Alexander I (emperor/tsar), 20, 56, 144, 193–94, 212, 214, 218, 223 all-Russian market, 77, 181, 197–98, 202, 219 American Republic. See United States Amsterdam, 4, 13, 59, 65–66 Anna (empress), 34, 38, 46–47, 261 Annenkov, I. P. (pomeshchik), 116, 248n9 Archangel: as predecessor of St. Petersburg, 11–12, 230n10; banks in, 132; compared to St. Petersburg 13, 20, 23, 230n11; exports from, 187, 192, 198, 239n27, 264n17; granary in, 190; hinterland of, 67–68, 79, 192, 198, 218; restrictions on exports from, 20, 28, 67, 182, 185, 193–94 Aref’ev (family), 118, 251n28 Arkharov, Nikolai Petrovich (governorgeneral ), 169, 171–74, 205, 261n55, 262n91 army: financing of 4–5, 27–28, 79, 182; grain purchases by, 52, 57, 66, 110, 113, 189, 199, 222; rations of, 25, 28, 221, 234n72 assignats, 132–35, 177, 201–2, 205, 213 Azov, 12–15, 17, 20, 22–23, 77–79, 220, 230n17 Azov, Sea of, 13, 76, 79 bakers, 37–38, 56, 168 balance of payments, 180, 182–83, 187 Baltic provinces, 65–66, 108, 192. See also Livonia; Livland; Estland Baltic Sea, 10–11, 194, 199 banks, 102, 130, 133–35, 207–8, 222 bankruptcy, 128, 140–41, 145, 222 barks, 158, 160–76, 179, 205, 209–12, 260nn40–41, 260n48 barley,24,27,61,64,73,106–7,118,159,239n6 bast, 46, 86, 153–54, 156, 160 Belorussia, 78–79, 118 black earth. See chernozem Black Sea, 13–14, 79, 207, 215, 225, 268n31 Black Sea ports, 132, 198, 202, 215–17, 225. See also Azov; Odessa Black Sea region, 14, 208–9, 210, 215 boats: crews needed for, 154–56, 158; types of, 154–56, 158. See also names of individual types of boats Bolotov, Andrei Timofeevich, 70, 84, 102, 106 Borovichi Rapids, 169, 175–76, 206, 209, 234n65, 263n95 Borovichi Rapids Office, 174–75, 262n82 Briansk, 73, 77–78, 233, 241–42 Britain, 32, 133, 145, 224–26 Brius (Bruce), Iakov Aleksandrovich (governor-general), 54–55, 238 broker. See makler buckwheat, 24, 105–7 burlaks, 155, 157, 159, 164, 259 canals. See names of individual canals Catherine II (empress): and canals, 79, 177, 179, 205–8, 211; and free markets, 40, 292 iNdex 46–48, 54–55, 185, 234n71; and grain exports, 107, 185–87, 190, 192; and grain prices, 39–41, 40, 55, 186; and provisioning , 39, 41, 44–46, 52, 207, 223; and southern expansion, 5, 207–8, 215–16 central Russian grain market: and profitability of grain-growing, 74, 83, 108–9; attachment of St. Petersburg to, 77, 83, 115; expansion of, 68, 80 Charter to the Nobility, 40, 102 Chayanov, Aleksandr Vasil’evich (sociologist ), 6, 85 chernozem, 69, 71–72, 106 Cheboksary (town), 62, 113, 150–51, 156 Chernigov Province, 62, 72, 78–79, 84, 166, 199, 218 Chernyshev, Ivan Grigor’evich (statesman), 182–83 Chicherin, Nikolai Ivanovich (official), 41–42, 45, 236n29 coins: copper, 130–32, 201–2, 255; silver, 129–34, 201–2, 232, 255, 264 China, 2, 11, 44, 184 Chulkov, Mikhail Dmitrievich (writer), 38, 122 Commission on Commerce: actions before 1763, 182, 263n97; and grain exports, 186–88, 196, 239n27, 249n114, and 264n15; and merchants, 118, 120, 122; and retail trade, 47–48, 86; before 1763, 182, 263n97; members of, 46, 60, 231n34 Commission on Grain: and grain exports, 191; and sale of flour in St. Petersburg, 27, 51, 53–54; and grain procurement, 57, 60, 67–68, 78–80, 153, 252n49, 261n64; calculations and findings of, 25–27, 37, 50–51, 53; membership of, 49 commune, peasant, 87–92, 105, 245 commune, urban. See posad Confino, Michael (historian), l, 7, 97–98, 102 conscription, 87–88. See also recruits Constantinople, 2, 13, 22–23, 216 contracts: enforcement of, 138–40, 144, 222; examples of, 138–39, 161–62, 238n72, 251n30; recording of, 150–55, 222, 259n22; with government agencies, 29, 53, 149 corporations, 142–44, 271n145 courts, 137–40, 146, 222 credit, 4–5, 102, 122, 125, 131–38, 144, 146 crop failure, 44, 164, 192, 214, 240n41 Danzig, 30, 59 Dedenev, M. A. (senator), 206, 262, 167n57 Demidov, Prokofii (industrialist, writer), 122–23, 127, 243n57 Department of Water Communications, 79, 169, 171, 176, 178, 208–11 deregulation, 40–41 Devolant...