313 Index Accademia fascista di educazione fisica, 158 achievements, 41, 44, 45, 66, 77, 88, 89, 99, 101, 126 activists, 56, 93, 121–25, 153; cultural, 61, 77, 78, 189 agitation, 37, 41, 50, 56 alcohol, 26, 116; abstinence from, 22, 25; consumption of, 135–36, 237n66 Alewyn, Richard, 230n45 Alexei II, Patriarch, 197 All-Union State Political Administration (OGPU), 59, 76, 104, 106, 119, 135, 227n164, 237n86 Alliance of the Russian People, 19, 30 Altay, 92, 97, 98 Americanization, 174, 175, 176 Americanization Day, 174 America’s Making Festival, 174 anniversaries, 20, 74, 100, 128, 129, 183; bonuses/privileges and, 78; dynastic, 18; personal, 131; round, 44, 157. See also October Revolution, anniversary of anniversary books, 110 Anniversary of the Founding Fathers, 174 Anniversary of the Founding of the Komsomol (MYuD), 230n46 Anniversary of the Revolution of 1905, 74 anti-alcohol campaigns, 135–36 anti-Soviet opinions, 131, 136, 147 antireligious campaign, 118, 191, 231n59 architecture, 81, 83, 158; contests, 172 Aron, Raymond: political religion and, 164 art, 38, 40, 64, 157, 195 Arzhilovsky, Andrei S., 120, 132, 135, 139, 240n164 Association of Atheists, 121, 130 Association of the Friends of the Soviet Union, 170 authoritarianism, 9, 156 authority, 29, 232n92; community and, 84 “Avia March,” lyrics for, 247n328 Aviation Day, 107, 182, 230n46 Babel, Isaac E., 132 Baberowski, Jörg, 218n42, 247n327, 247n348 backwardness, 90, 92, 113, 141, 142 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 7, 213n26 Baltermanz, Dimitri, 255n6 Barrack No.8, 150, 248n350 Battleship Potyomkin, 170 Bausinger, Hermann, 6 behavior, 6, 14, 22, 143; anti-Soviet, 147; cultural, 179; norms/codes of, 14; public festive, 165; urban/rural, 140 Beiman-Pantova, Yekaterina, 241n200, 258n85 Benjamin, Walter, 213n48 Berger, Peter, 214n70 Berlin, 163, 171, 198 Binns, Christopher, 216n87 Bird Day, 74 Bloch, Marc, 249n5, 253n105 Bogdanov, Aleksandr, 38 Bolsheviks, 11–14, 26, 27–28, 29, 72, 76, 78, 80, 105, 106, 133, 134, 147, 149, 167, 168, 180; calendar of, 30; celebrations and, 3, 31; civilizing by, 141–42; culture and, 1, 34, 98; farmers and, 96; festivals and, 7, 32, 35, 36, 75, 116; influence of, 34–35; Orthodox Church and, 35; symbols of, 32, 35; takeover by, 32–33 Borodino, 18, 23 Bottai, Giuseppe, 157 Note: Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations. 314 • INDEX Brezhnev, Leonid, 180, 188, 190, 191 Brodsky, Isaak I., 84; painting by, 85 (fig.) Bubnov, Andrei, 51 Budyonny, Semyon, 51 Bukharin, Nikolai, 51 Bulletin of the Anniversary Committee at the Board of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, 60 Burkamina, Xenia A., 237n91 Bytovye, 218n38 calendars, 30, 180; church, 133; Gregorian, 73, 220n2; holiday, 155; Julian, 120, 220n2; National Socialist, 159, 160, 163; official, 182; Orthodox, 120, 133; reform of, 75; Soviet, 3, 68, 73–74, 77, 78, 91, 124, 125, 129, 130, 132, 182 Campanella, Fra Tomaso, 252n81 Cannadine, David, 11 carnivals, 25, 27, 50, 202, 219n75 Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky, 23 Catholic Church, 24, 184; Eastern Rite of, 23; liturgy/processions of, 164 Celebration Came to Town, The (Nemiro), 200 celebration commissions, 15, 37, 52, 55, 58, 60, 100, 103, 106, 111, 112; celebration production and, 57; network of, 53, 54; problems for, 56 celebration experts, 11–14, 46, 65; emotional impact and, 45; festive culture and, 59, 180; Great Purge and, 48–49; work of, 36–51, 57, 62 celebration planners, 51, 52, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66, 70, 90, 92, 99, 101, 112–13, 184, 185, 187; bulletins by, 107; demonstrators and, 105; problems for, 108; purge and, 112; regional, 91; Soviet, 143, 169, 172 celebration theory, 15, 48, 49, 131 celebrations, 1, 5–8, 10, 26; adapting to, 115, 125–32; adopting, 125–32; anti-Christian, 161; causes for, 36, 54; children’s, 123; collective, 21, 38; communist, 103, 147; controlling, 55; days of, 73, 91; defining, 58; dictates for, 125–26; didactic function of, 40, 42–43, 179; discipline, 105, 121; discourse on, 41, 43, 50, 62, 253n102; elements of, 6; ethnic, 175, 254n134; evolution of, 76, 100; excesses of, 107; export of, 185; fascist Italian, 156–59; festivities and, 8, 73, 91; history of, 16, 42–43; importance of, 94, 103; impressions of, 140; institutionalization of, 42; leaderless, 176; local, 175, 196; major, 72, 174, 230n45; memories of, 137–38; merging styles of, 30; model for, 55, 183; monarchical, 18; nature of, 174; norms for, 57–58, 126; official, 64, 75, 113, 176; organizing, 11, 36, 47, 48, 63, 94, 104, 107, 111; pictures of, 202; political, 71, 144, 152, 215n80; popular, 200; priority for, 164...