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xi Acknowledgments in the early 1970s, I became involved in clinical transplantation, and from that time forward witnessed the work of the transplant pioneers as they contributed to the evolving field. When I developed an interest in medical history, I had more focused discussions with many of the early workers, notably Sir Peter Medawar and Avrion Mitchison at Mill Hill, Tom Gibson in Glasgow, Sir Michael Woodruff in Edinburgh, Leslie Brent in London, and Sir Roy Calne in Cambridge. During my travels, I talked with many notable figures in the United States, including Joseph Murray in Boston, Blair Rogers in New York, and Willem “Pim” Kolff at Salt Lake City. In Europe, there were visits to Jean Hamburger, Marcel Legrain, and Gabriel Richet in Paris. More recently, I asked questions of others, notably Stuart Cameron and Richard Batchelor in London and, in the United States, Norman Shumway and E.Donnall Thomas passed on many helpful insights. Paul Shiels in Glasgow assisted with news from the new world of cellular engineering, and Richard Rettig contributed his unique knowledge of how U.S. political culture influenced the treatment of end stage renal failure. Assisting with text, Jack MacQueen, Winifred MacQueen, and Harry Hine translated the early Latin extracts, and Sandy Reid in Edinburgh made the first full translation of Yuri Voronoy’s pioneering papers on kidney transplantation from the 1930s. Henning Köhne and Anni Schneider made valuable translations of the forgotten German papers of the early twentieth century, and Henri Jacubowicz and Hala Girgis checked and translated the French-language citations. My wife, Jean, encouraged this endeavor from the start, as did Sir Peter Morris, J.Douglas Briggs, and others in the British Transplantation Society. J.Andrew Bradley at Cambridge read the text at an early stage, and John MacConachie of Lossiemouth was my faithful reader and text editor over many years. Charles Webster and the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine at Oxford University gave me space for study during a sabbatical stay there. For written sources, there was great assistance from xii Acknowledgments London’s Royal Society of Medicine Library and its incomparable collection of early journals, particularly of German and French origins, and Jonathan Erlen made the historical collection of the Falk Library in Pittsburgh available to me. I am especially grateful to Thomas E.Starzl, who supported me as a visiting lecturer at the University of Pittsburgh Medical School. To his unique position in the history of transplantation he adds keen historical insight, and I am in his debt for detailed comments on the text. He also liaised with the University of Pittsburgh Press in publishing this book, and there I was encouraged and supported by the talented staff of the Press, in particular by my editors, Beth Davis and Alex Wolfe, who saw the project through with skill and care. ...

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