Medicine and Politics in Colonial Peru: Population Growth and the Bourbon Reforms

Notes

233 acronyms used in the notes AAL Archivo Arzobispal de Lima ACML Archivo del Cabildo Metropolitano de Lima AGI Archivo General de Indias, Seville AGN Archivo General de la Nación, Lima AMNM Archivo del Museo Naval, Madrid ASBPLM Archivo de la Sociedad de Beneficencia Pública de Lima Metropolitana BNP Biblioteca Nacional del Perú BNM Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid IRA Instituto Riva-Agüero, Lima introduction 1. José Paredes, “Cómputo del aumento de población que promete el efecto preservativo de la Vacuna,” in Lastres, Historia de la viruela, 217. 2. Ibid., 216–31. 3. Paredes was elected to serve as a deputy representing Lima in the Constituent Congress in 1822. In 1825, he was elected the congress’s president. 4. For discussions of the uprisings, see Walker, Smoldering Ashes; Thompson, We Alone Will Rule; Serulnikov, Subverting Colonial Authority. 5. Noble David Cook argues that the collapse of Peru’s indigenous population had ceased by the mid-seventeenth century; see Cook, Demographic Collapse. Others have argued that population growth did not recommence until the beginning or middle of the eighteenth century; see Sánchez-Albornoz, Population of Latin America; Sánchez-Albornoz, Indios y tributos; Tandeter and Boleda, “Dinámica de la población.” 6. For an economic analysis of Lima during this time period, see Haitin, “Late Colonial Lima.” For a social history of Lima in this period, see Flores Galindo, Aristocracia y plebe. 7. Despite this early focus on childbirth, questions of reproduction and women’s health were, oddly enough, downplayed in the reform movement that followed, and doctors never proposed large-scale reforms of birthing practices. Writers did, however,  notes warren text i-290.4.indd 233 7/23/10 10:42 AM discuss pregnancy, childbirth, and sexual health in several articles and medical texts during the 1780s, 1790s, and early 1800s. These included González Laguna, Zelo sacerdotal; Dávalos, Specimen academicum (especially chaps. 7 on syphilis and 9 on infant deaths); and Bueno, “Disertación sobre los antojos.” 8. “Informe de Castilla al Virrey Jáuregui, 28 agosto 1781,” in González Laguna, Zelo sacerdotal. 9. “Disertación histórica y política sobre el comercio del Perú,” Mercurio Peruano, March 24, 1791. For biographical information on Baquíjano, see Burkholder, Politics of a Colonial Career. 10. “Disertación histórica y política sobre el comercio del Perú,” Mercurio Peruano, March 24, 1791. 11. “Disertación histórica y política sobre el comercio del Perú,” Mercurio Peruano, April 14, 1791. 12. “Minería práctica,” Mercurio Peruano, January 30, 1791. 13. Ibid. 14. “Minería: Carta escrita a la sociedad sobre la utilidad de los barriles para el beneficio de la plata,” Mercurio Peruano, May 12, 1791. 15. “Disertación histórica y política sobre el comercio del Perú,” Mercurio Peruano, April 10, 1791. 16. “Reflexiones históricas y políticas sobre el estado de la población de esta Capital ,” Mercurio Peruano, February 3, 1791. 17. Unanue, “Decadencia y restauración del Perú,” in Arías-Schreiber Pezet, Colección documental de la Independencia del Perú, 8:446. 18. For general studies of the Bourbon reforms, see Stein and Stein, Apogee of Empire; Lynch, Bourbon Spain; Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions. 19. Brading, “Bourbon Spain and Its American Empire”; Lynch, Bourbon Spain; Lynch, Spanish Colonial Administration; Fisher, Government and Society. 20. For peasant revolts in Peru and Upper Peru, see Thompson, We Alone Will Rule; Serulnikov, Subverting Colonial Authority; Walker, Smoldering Ashes. For two exceptions to this trend, see Flores Galindo, Aristocracia y plebe; Walker, Shaky Colonialism. 21. This is not to say that a rich body of literature on agrarian uprisings does not exist for late colonial New Spain. The main focus of such works, however, has not been the Bourbon reforms but rather the origins of Mexican independence. See Hamnett, Roots of Insurgency; Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution; Van Young, Other Rebellion. 22. Arrom, Containing the Poor, 50. 23. Milton, Many Meanings, 14. 24. Arrom, Containing the Poor, 18. 25. Cañizares-Esguerra, “New World, New Stars.” 26. Lanning, Royal Protomedicato. Burke, Royal College of San Carlos, makes a similar argument for the position of doctors in Spain. 27. Recent scholarship on New Spain has moved beyond this framework. See Voekel, Alone before God, and Arrom, Containing the Poor. 28. These findings support and extend to medical reforms Arrom’s conclusion that reform of poor relief in Mexico City “was spearheaded by enlightened clergymen themselves, rather than being a...