I N D E X Note: Tables are indicated by “t” following the page number. access to the state: business assistance for Chávez and, –, –, –; business prominence and, –, , ; elite outliers and, –, t, t, –; fear of losing, due to businocrats, , –, ; fear of losing , due to reprisals, , –, ; intra-elite conflict over, , , ; non-state-dependent businesses and, –; state-dependent businesses and, –, –, –, –. See also business prominence in politics Acción Democrática (AD, Democratic Action), , –, , n, n, n, n Alfaro Ucero, Luis, , –, , , n, n Allende, Salvador, , anti-business sentiment, –; business opposition countered by, –; corruption and, –, –, –, , , ; as factor in election, –, –, –; factors in, t; political prominence and, –, –, , , ; in public opinion, –, , ; relative importance of, –; sources of, –, –; and support for Chávez, –, t, t, t, –, , Bahrain, Banco Amazonas, Banco Andino, , n Banco Bancor, Banco Barinas, Banco Caribe, Banco Consolidado, , Banco de Comercio, Banco del Orinoco, Banco de Venezuela, –, , , Banco La Guaira, Banco Latino, –, –, –, , n Banco Maracaibo, Banco Metropolitano, n Banco Nacional de Descuento, Banco Progreso, , n Banco Provincial, Banco República, banking industry: businocrats from, –, t; crisis and corruption in, –, –; elite outliers from, –, t, t, n; as factor in election, –; government response to crisis in, –, t; political calculations of, –, –; and politics of access to the state, –; state dependence of, n Bernárdez Lossada, Carlos, –, – Betancourt, Rómulo, n Brazil, business: anticipation of Chávez government by, –; elite outliers in, ; and history of corruption scandals, t, t; Left’s relations with, –; opposition to Chávez from, –, –, –, –; political calculations of, –. See also access to the state; antibusiness sentiment; business assistance for Chávez; business corruption; Index business: (cont.) business prominence in politics; statedependent businesses business assistance for Chávez, –, –; access to the state and, –, –, –, t, t; elite outliers and, –, –, ; identifying, –; non-state-dependent businesses and, –; state-dependent businesses and, –, – business corruption, –; anti-business sentiment and, –, –, –, , , ; in banking industry, –, –, ; defined, ; as factor in election, –; history of, –; involving price and exchange rate controls, –; systemic corruption and, –; and voter support for Chávez, – business prominence in politics, –; access to the state and, –, , ; anti-business sentiment and, –, –, , , ; banking industry and, –, –; and business assistance for Chávez, ; conglomerates and, t; as factor in election, , –, ; and policy making, –, –; political dynamics resulting from, –; in Venezuela vs. Mexico, –, t, t; Venezuelans’ disillusionment with, –; and voter support for Chávez, –. See also access to the state; business assistance for Chávez; businocrats businocrats: from banking industry, –, t; defined, ; distrust and criticisms of, –, , –; fear of reprisals from, , –, ; and financial sector regulation, ; role of, , t, ; in Venezuela vs. Mexico, Buxton, Julia, Caldera, Andrés, Caldera, Rafael: and banking industry, –, , –, –, n; business and, , –; and businocrats, –; corruption during administration of, , n; unpopularity of, Camp, Roderic A., campaign financing, –, , Canache, Damarys, Capriles Méndez, Ruth, , Carmona Estanga, Pedro, case studies, Castañeda, Jorge, –, n Castro, Orlando, , n Causa R, Central Bank, , –, , , n, n Chávez, Hugo: background of, –; charisma of, ; coup attempts by, , , ; initial campaign of, –, –, –, ; unlikelihood of victory by, –, –, , –, , class: as factor in Venezuelans’ disillusionment , –, ; and opposition to business, –; and support for Chávez, , clientelism, , – cognitive-psychological thesis, n Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente (COPEI, Independent Political Organizing Committee), , Communist Party. See Partido Communista de Venezuela Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela (CTV), Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE, National Electoral Council), COPEI. See Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente Coppedge, Michael, , , –, Corrales, Javier, –, , corruption: as cause of Venezuelan voters’ disillusionment, –; scandals involving , ; and support for Chávez, , , ; systemic, –. See also business corruption Corruption Perception Index (CPI), economy: crises in, , ; as factor in Venezuelans’ disillusionment, –; [54.159.186.146] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 21:47 GMT) Index the Left and, n; oil-dependent, ; pre-Chávez stabilization strategies for, –; public opinion on, , , n; of rentier states, ; and support for Chávez, –, – elite outliers: and access to the state, –, t, t, –; assistance for Chavez from, –, ; from banking industry, –, t, t, n; non-state-dependent, –, t; personal connections of, , – ; policy preferences of, –, t; political calculations of, , –, –, –, ; state-dependent, –, – elites, opposition to, , Ellner, Steve, Evans, Peter, failed institutions thesis. See institutional failure FEDECAMARAS. See Federación de Cámaras y Asociaciones de Comercio y Producción de Venezuela Federación de Cámaras y Asociaciones de Artesanos, Micros, Pequeños y Medianos Industriales y Empresas de Venezuela (FEDEINDUSTRIA), Federación de Cámaras y Asociaciones de Comercio y Producción de Venezuela (FEDECAMARAS), , , , , , Financial Emergency Committee (JEF, Junta de Emergencia Financiera), , n financial sector. See banking industry Fivenez Sociedad Financiera, fixed-asset sectors, , FOGADE. See Government Guarantee and Financial Loan Fund foreign exchange controls, corruption involving, – foreign investment, – Francés, Antonio, Frieden...