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273 Chapter 1 For an extended version of the notes that appear in this volume, please see the German edition of this book: Frank Uekötter, Von der Rauchplage zur ökologischen Revolution: Eine Geschichte der Luftverschmutzung in Deutschland und den USA 1880–1970 (Essen, 2003). 1. F. G. Cottrell, “Recent Progress in Electrical Smoke Precipitation,” Engineering and Mining Journal 101 (1916): 388. 2. AIS, 83:7, ser. III, FF 1, p. 103. However, the results of the competition were disappointing , ranging from uninspired proposals (“The Non-Smoky City”), to euphoric ones (“Crystal City”), to those without any apparent logic (“The City with a Thousand Eyes”). “I truly think they are all hopeless,” one of the jurors declared (Dermitt to O’Connor, Nov. 2, 1916, AIS, 83:7, ser. III, FF 5). Lacking a prize-worthy entry, the league followed an entrant’s proposal and donated the sum to the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind (“Contest Held in Conjunction with Smoke Abatement Week–October 23–28, 1916,” p. 1, AIS, 83:7, ser. III, FF 12). 3. “Annual Report of the Smoke Abatement Committee,” Apr. 7, 1923, p. 3, WRHS, mss. 3535, box 1, folder 6. 4. Angela Gugliotta, “Class, Gender, and Coal Smoke: Gender Ideology and Environmental Injustice in Pittsburgh, 1868–1914,” Environmental History 5 (2000): 165–93; Angela Gugliotta, “How, When, and for Whom Was Smoke a Problem in Pittsburgh?” in Joel A. Tarr, ed., Devastation and Renewal: An Environmental History of Pittsburgh and Its Region (Pittsburgh, 2003), 110–25. 5. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge, 1965). 6. Adam W. Rome, “Coming to Terms with Pollution: The Language of Environmental Reform, 1865–1915,” Environmental History 1 (1996): 16. 7. Baltimore Sun, Apr. 29, 1928. 8. This transformation of health concepts, and the ensuing “invention” of smoke pollution , has been traced extensively for Great Britain in Peter Thorsheim, Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain since 1800 (Athens, Ohio, 2006). 9. World Bank, World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment (Washington, 1992), 52. 10. Environmental Protection Agency, “Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information ,” Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, staff paper (Research Triangle Park, noTeS NC, June 2005); H. E. Wichmann, J. Heinrich, and A. Peters, Gesundheitliche Wirkungen von Feinstaub (Landsberg, 2002). 11. Charles S. Maier, “Consigning the Twentieth Century to History: Alternative Narratives for the Modern Era,” American Historical Review 105 (2000): 807–31. 12. My interest in institution building was inspired by Louis Galambos, “The Emerging Organizational Synthesis in Modern American History,” Business History Review 44 (1970): 279–90, and “Technology, Political Economy, and Professionalization: Central Themes of the Organizational Synthesis,” Business History Review 57 (1983): 471–93. 13. James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, 3rd ed. (New York and London, 1893), 1: 637. 14. Daniel J. Fiorino, Making Environmental Policy (Berkeley, 1995), 25. 15. H. H. Meredith Jr., “Industrial Planning for Air Pollution Control,” p. 231, NA, RG 90 A 1, entry 11, box 57, “Proceedings of the First New England Conference on Urban Planning for Environmental Health” folder. 16. Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., Nuisances: Prospectus of the Department, American Civic Association, Department of Nuisances, leaflet no. 2 (n.l., n.d.), 3. 17. Noga Morag-Levine, Chasing the Wind: Regulating Air Pollution in the Common Law State (Princeton and Oxford, 2003), 183. 18. Indur M. Goklany, Clearing the Air: The Real Story of the War on Air Pollution (Washington, 1999), 155. 19. Goklany’s political intentions are even more transparent in his more recent The Precautionary Principle: A Critical Appraisal of Environmental Risk Assessment (Washington , 2001). 20. Henry N. Doyle, “Polluted Air, a Growing Community Problem,” Public Health Reports 68 (1953): 858; G. Edward Pendray, “Management Aspects of Air Pollution,” Mechanical Engineering 77 (1955): 581; Helen B. Shaffer, “Poisoned Air,” Editorial Research Reports (1955): 247; Steel 128 (Mar. 5, 1951): 63; Division of Air Pollution Control, “A Review of the New Jersey Air Pollution Control Program,” Aug. 1966, p. 7, NA, RG 90 A 1, entry 11, box 34, “LL-2-1–Bills and Acts Part 2” folder. 21. Goklany, Clearing the Air, 102. See also p. 88, where Goklany uses the word automatically to describe the environmental transition. 22. William D. Ruckelshaus, “Stopping the Pendulum,” Environmental Forum 12, no. 6 (1995): 25–29. 23. Samuel P. Hays, with Barbara D. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United...

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