Notes
NOTES . Introduction: The Project of the Century . Brezhnev, “Pobeda stroitelei BAMa,” . . Matvieva, “Respublika BAMa,” . . In Russian, the railway is Baikalo-Amurskaia Magistral. . See Josephson, “Science and Technology as Panacea,” –. . Chichkanov, “Problemy i perspektivy dlia razvitiia proizvoditel’nykh silakh na Dal’nom Vostoke.” See also Stites, “World Outlook and Inner Fears,” . . Propaganda has had a long history in the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation. See Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State. . One of the first characterizations of BAM as a product of the “era of stagnation” appears in Khatutsev, “Bum i BAM.” Other discussions of BAM as a product of a stagnating system include Bovin, “Kurs na stabil’nost’ porodil zastoi”; Matvieva, “Respublika BAMa”; and Mote, “BAM, Boom, Bust.” For reflections on the political and social climate of the Brezhnev period and considerations of stagnation (zastoi), see Bialer and Gustafson, Russia at the Crossroads; Bushnell, Moscow Graffiti; Byrnes, After Brezhnev; Cohen, An End to Silence and Rethinking the Soviet Experience; Dobrenko, Izbavlenie ot mirazhei; Scanlan, Marxism in the USSR; and James P. Scanlan, Technology, Culture, and Development: The Experience of the Soviet Model (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, ). One must note, however, that Moshe Lewin in The Gorbachev Phenomenon and Stephen Kotkin in Armageddon Averted disagree with the notion of zastoi expressed in some of the works cited here. . On the role of Russian railways as conduits of revolutionary sentiment during the revolutions of and , respectively, see Reichman, Railwaymen and Revolution and Argenbright, “Russian Railroad System and the Founding of the Communist State.” . See Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain. . John Scott, Behind the Urals, xii–xiii. . On the nature and development of earlier Soviet propaganda, see Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State. Kenez focuses on the development of Soviet propaganda during the decade after the Bolshevik revolution and defines the “Soviet concept of propaganda,” in which the purpose of propaganda is to convince and inculcate official doctrine through education rather than brainwashing. Kenez sees “one voice” running through Soviet journalism between and ; official coverage of BAM from to evidenced a similar monolithic and consistent perspective. . Regarding the Turkestano-Siberian Railway, see Payne, Stalin’s Railroad and “Turksib .” William K. Wolf’s “Russia’s Revolutionary Underground” looks at the power structures and conflicts behind the building of the Moscow metro system. The studies of Payne and Wolf provide an interesting contrast to this work on the BAM railway in that coercion was the main motivational tool for the directors of the Turkestano-Siberian Railway and Moscow subway, while BAM propagandists and supervisors attempted to instill pride in building socialism and a sense of civic duty to achieve results. On the literary campaign to promote and justify the canal’s construction among the Soviet population, see Cynthia A. Ruder, Making History for Stalin: The Story of the Belomor Canal (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, ). . On the construction of Dneprostroi, see Rassweiler, Generation of Power. I see a common theme between BAM media coverage and Rassweiler’s work, which was undertaken in Ukraine. The Soviet government employed both Dneprostroi and BAM as unifying symbols designed to encourage productivity and support from all Soviet citizens, whether they were directly involved in those respective efforts or not. According to Rassweiler, the state believed that Dneprostroi would improve the economic potential of the Dnepr River region, although bureaucratic incompetence and labor disorganization ultimately weakened the effectiveness of the project. These problems intensified with BAM. . The Great Purges were a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution that were directed against the CPSU, ethnic minorities, the military, peasants, and others from October to November . In Russian the CPSU is called the Kommunisticheskaia Partiia Sovetskogo Soiuza. . Martin McCauley, Khrushchev and the Development of Soviet Agriculture: The Virgin Land Programme, – (New York: Holmes & Meier, ). . Karpikov, interview. See also Metody bor’by s ledovymi zatrudneniiami na gidrostantsiiakh Sibiri (Novosibirsk: Redaktsionno-izdatel’skii otdel Sibirskogo otdeleniia AN SSSR, ); Igor P. Butiagin, Prochnost’ l’da i ledianogo pokrova: Naturnye issledovaniia na rekakh Sibiri (Novosibirsk: Nauka, Sibirskoe otdelenie, ); and Peterson, Troubled Lands. . See Robert G. Darst, “Environmentalism in the USSR: Opposition to the River Diversion Projects,” Soviet Economy , no. (): –; and Weiner, Little Corner of Freedom, , –. . On the importance of the Trans-Siberian Railway in the political and military history of late imperial Russia, see Marks, Road to Power. . On the two earlier BAM projects, see Elant’seva, “BAM: Nauchno-tekhnicheskoe obespechenie stroitel’stva v -e gody,” “BAM: Pervoe desiatiletie,” “Iz istorii stroitel’stva zhelezhnoi dorogi...
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