Adiós Niño: The Gangs of Guatemala City and the Politics of Death

Index

iNdex Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures. “accepting hopelessness,” 93 “Adiós, niño,” 1 adolescence, and modernity in Guatemala, 11–16 Agamben, Giorgio, 26 Alejandro (Mara five member), 66–67 Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation (alkqn), 7, 8 anticommunism, 23–24, 31, 59 anticommunist legislation, 24 anti-imperialism, 27–28 Árbenz, Jacobo, 28, 30f Arendt, Hannah, 149n7 Army Intelligence (g-2), 21 Asociación para el Avance de Ciencias Sociales en Guatemala (avanCso), x, 60–61 Barrio-18. See Mara-18 Bastos, Santiago, 43 Batres Pinto, Jorge “El Loco,” 122 Berger, Óscar, 118 Berlin (Mara 33 member), 63, 67, 69–70 Bourdieu, Pierre, 17, 103 Boyle, Greg, 138 break dancing, 21, 47, 55, 57 Brek Las Cobras, 55. See also Maras Las Cobras breks (gangs), 55 Brenneman, Robert, 133 bus drivers, 2, 56, 86, 87, 125, 126 bus fares, 2, 3, 31, 56, 57, 86 Caja Lúdica, 140–41, 144 Calixto (Mara member), 64, 67 Camus, Manuela, 43, 83 Carrito (ms-13 member), 91–93 Caruth, Cathy, 17 Casa Mi Hogar, 108 Catholic Church, 28 Central Penitentiary for Men, 110 Centro Preventivo, 92, 111, 113, 115, 125, 126 Cerezo, Vinicio, 68 childhood, and modernity in Guatemala, 11–16 children: forced to join Civil Self-Defense Patrols, 36; joining Maras, 80, 98, 101–4; murder of, 36, 38; rape of, 36; at risk, 88; street children, 11, 15, 19–20, 89, 98, 136f; torture of, 25. See also La Juventud; specific topics Chinchilla, Norma Stoltz, 40 Chocoy, Edgar, 137–38, 139f, 140 Christian Democratic Party. See Partido Demócrata Cristiano Christianity, 28. See also Pentecostalism and Pentecostal groups Chuky, el. See Gómez Estrada, Saulo Fernando Ciudad de Sol, 81f, 82f Civil Self-Defense Patrols (Civil Patrollers). See Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil class struggle, 90 Coca-Cola union, 55, 83, 86 178 index “collective war memory,” 46, 152n79. See also memories Colom, Álvaro, 125, 126 Comisión Nacional Acción por los Niños (Conani), 107 communism. See anticommunism communities, 46–47 Comunidades de Pueblos en Resistencia (Communities of People in Resistance), 39 Connerton, Paul, 16 constitutional rule, mix of terror and, 24 corruption: police, 83, 105–6, 159n44. See also under prisons crime: causes of, 57–58; as heroic and criminals as heroes, 2, 91, 92 criminal investigations, lack of, 49, 52 Cruz, José Miguel, 8, 9 Cruz, Nicky, 159n40 Cuarto Pueblo, massacre at, 36 death, 25. See also killing; necroliving; necropolitics death squads, 24–26, 34, 110, 153n10 democracy, 24, 35, 39, 109; “transition to democracy,” 55, 109, 126. See also penitentiary system detention centers. See Etapa 2; penitentiary system developmentalism, 31 Dialéctica del terror en Guatemala (Peralta et al.), 26 “disappeared” persons, 23, 24, 27, 33, 55, 83. See also kidnappings “dividing practice,” crime-induced, 87 domestic violence, 61, 63–64 Dos Erres, massacre at, 148n47 drug dealing, 89 drug use, 60 Dussel, Enrique, 12 earthquake of 1976, 31, 32, 53, 55 education, 68; military studies mandated, 29f 18th Street gang. See Mara-18 (m-18) Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (egp), 21 El Boquerón, 111, 113, 115, 123, 124 El Gallito, 53 El Hoyón Prison, 5f, 112, 113, 114f, 115, 116, 117f, 118 Elías, Jorge Serrano, 108 El Pavón, 110–13, 122–23 emigration, 39; to Los Angeles, 40–43, 137–38 employment. See labor market Esperanza, 48f Estrada, Anneliza Tobar, 90 Estrada, Tito, 8 Estrada Cabrera, Manuel, 29f Estuardo. See Mendoza, Estuardo Edwin Etapa 2, 111, 115, 118, 124–25 execution, methods of, 24 extortion, 83, 87, 125 Fall, Ricardo, 34 “familial crisis” and disintegrated families, 61, 63–64 families and Maras, 61, 63, 95 family values, traditional, 57 farm prisons, 110–11 fatalism, suicidal, 93 female gang members, 96–97 Festivales de Minerva, 14 Figueroa, Nora Marina, 60–61 filicide, forced, 38 Finca San Francisco, massacre at, 38, 151n56 Foucault, Michel, 24–25, 35, 118, 126–27 Fraijanes, 110, 111, 118, 126 Frankl, Viktor E., 135 fratricide, forced, 36 Fritzsche, Peter, 41 Fu (Juan Manuel Orozco Ambrosio), 129, 140, 141, 143f, 144 fuego (Frente Unido del Organizado Guatemalteco), 3, 30f Gallardo, Ricardo Galindo, 26 Gándara, Salvador, 125, 126 gang members. See mareros; specific topics gangs, 7–11; all-girl, 65; conflict and rivalry between, 83, 91, 93, 116, 118, 124; defining characteristics, 7; demographics , 79; in Los Angeles, 40–43, 137–38; index 179 political vs. apolitical violence, 8–9; politics...