Making a New World: Founding Capitalism in the Bajío and Spanish North America

Contents

Contents lisT oF maps and illusTraTions ix prologue: Making Global History in the Spanish Empire 1 Unimagined People Founding Capitalism 3 Globalizing the Origins of Capitalism 8 Rethinking the Spanish Empire 14 Conflicts Enabling British Hegemony 17 A Problem Less Considered: Stabilizing Capitalism 19 The Bajío, Spanish North America, and Capitalism 22 a noTe on Terminology 27 Introduction: A New World: The Bajío, Spanish North America, and Global Capitalism 29 The Bajío and Spanish North America in the Americas 31 Founding Capitalism 36 Analytical Foundations: Life and Death, Power and Legitimacy 44 Globalization and Derived Power 50 Integrating Inequality: Axes of Power 53 In Search of History: Power Holders, Mediators, and Popular Participations 60 Part I Making a New World The BaJío and spanish norTh ameriCa, 1500–1770 63 Chapter 1. Founding the Bajío: Otomí Expansion, Chichimeca War, and Commercial Querétaro, 1500–1660 65 On the Frontier of Mesoamerica 67 Otomí Querétaro, 1520–1550 71 vi ConTenTs Silver and Chichimeca Wars 77 Chichimeca War and Nascent Capitalism: A View from San Miguel 86 Querétaro during Chichimeca Wars: One Report, Two Visions 91 Postwar Settlements: Mines, Missions, and Commercial Development 94 A Protean Labor Market, 1590–1610: Obligation, Ethnicity, and Patriarchy 102 Consolidating Querétaro, 1600–1640 112 New World Religion: Convent Capitalism, Sacramental Worship, and an Otomí Virgin 115 Spanish Assertions, 1640–1660 119 Founding Querétaro, the Bajío, and Spanish North America 120 Chapter 2. Forging Spanish North America: Northward Expansions, Mining Amalgamations, and Patriarchal Communities, 1590–1700 121 Northward Expansions 123 The North in the Bajío: Guanajuato and the Uplands 131 New Communities on the Bottomlands 140 An Entrepreneurial Patriarch—and Patriarchal Production 141 Patriarchal Communities on the Bottomlands 144 Ethnic Adaptations: Spaniards, Indios, and the De la Cruz 150 Asserting Difference 154 Capitalist Consolidations and End-of-Century Challenges 156 Chapter 3. New World Revivals: Silver Boom, City Lives, Awakenings, and Northward Drives, 1680–1760 159 Turn-of-the-Century Challenges 160 The Countryside in the Age of Revivals 164 Guanajuato: Silver Boom, Unruly Mulattoes, and Penitential Revivals 171 San Miguel: Industry, Awakenings, and Patriarchs at War 183 Querétaro: Spaniards, Otomí, and the Virgin at Pueblito 192 Driving North: Texas, the Sierra Gorda, and New Santander 209 A Commercial New World 224 Chapter 4. Reforms, Riots, and Repressions: The Bajío in the Crisis of the 1760s 228 Reform, Resistance, and Conciliation, 1760–1766 231 Escalating Conflict, Jesuit Expulsion, and Alliance for Repression, 1767 237 Inquests, Repressions, and Reformed Reforms, 1767 248 North American Crises, Contrasting Consequences 256 ConTenTs vii Part II Forging Atlantic Capitalism The BaJío, 1770–1810 261 Chapter 5. Capitalist, Priest, and Patriarch: Don José Sánchez Espinosa and the Great Family Enterprises of Mexico City, 1780–1810 263 A Biography of Power 265 Silver Magnates, Landed Clans, and Regime Officials 277 Great Families and Provincial Elites 285 Entrepreneurship: Don José Sánchez Espinosa in the Commercial Economy 288 Profit 293 Catholic Charity: Legitimating Power, Profit, and Patriarchy 296 Chapter 6. Production, Patriarchy, and Polarization in the Cities: Guanajuato, San Miguel, and Querétaro, 1770–1810 300 Guanajuato: Patriarchs and Producers in the Silver City 302 The Bajío Economy in the Age of Silver and Free Trade 316 San Miguel: Monopoly Power and Economic Decline 320 Querétaro: Power and Prosperity in the Garden City 325 Querétaro: Production and Patriarchy in the Working City 332 Urban Capitalism 350 Chapter 7. The Challenge of Capitalism in Rural Communities: Production, Ethnicity, and Patriarchy from La Griega to Puerto de Nieto, 1780–1810 352 Agrarian Capitalism 354 The Collapse of Slavery at Puerto de Nieto 355 Patriarchy, Amalgamations, and Segregations in Estate Communities 359 Managerial Patriarchy 366 Patriarchy in a Divided Community: Production and Labor at La Griega 368 Conflict in Divided Communities: Casas and La Griega 376 Profit, Patriarchy—and the Girls’ Revolt—at Puerto de Nieto 383 Beyond Puerto de Nieto: Seeking Republics at Santa Bárbara and Tequisquiapan 390 La Griega and Puerto de Nieto in the Crisis of 1808–1810 397 Chapter 8. Enlightened Reformers and Popular Religion: Polarizations and Mediations, 1770–1810 403 Religious Reform and Popular Independence 405 Religious Contests and Mediations: The Bajío’s Mesoamerican Fringe 407 Rational Impulses and Popular Devotions 416 viii ConTenTs Querétaro Triumphant: An Enlightened Officer’s Song to Our Lady at Pueblito 424 Guadalupe’s Priest and...