Invisible Agents: Spirits in a Central African History

Index

283 Aaron, 123 abortion, 173, 179 adultery, 34, 43, 56, 57 African Mineworkers Union (AMU), 84, 85, 118–19 African National Congress (ANC), 110; activists within, 94; against federation, 118, 119–23; Israel and, 195; Lumpa within, 101, 110; organization of, 84–85, 114–15; membership cards, 121, 122; as UNIP rival, 134, 137; women’s branches of, 121 African Railway Workers Union, 85 African Representative Council (ARC), 84 “Africa Shall Be Saved” programs, 196 afterlife: God in control of, 155; Christian promises of/hope for, 11, 12, 80, 95–96, 181, 190; Islam focus on, 15; rejected by Lenshina vision, 90, 112; spirits in, 2, 12, 99, 201 agriculture/crops, 41, 44, 48, 133, 213n16; rites of, 36, 45, 47, 65; seeds for, 31, 32, 36, 45, 65, 99; slash-and-burn, 21, 97–98, 121. See also chibyalilo; fertility aid organizations, 186 AIDS, 186, 189, 190 air force, Zambian, 157 alcohol, 99, 184. See also beer AMU. See African Mineworkers Union ANC. See African National Congress ancestors: beliefs of, 2; genealogies of, 44; names of as titles, 37 ancestral spirits, 9, 27, 32–34, 115, 188, 201; appeal to, 43; authority/power of, 22, 41, 51, 70, 95, 109–13; ceded to God, 11, 12, 22, 169; chief of, 54; conversion into, 44; dissatisfied/angry, 34, 41, 51, 56, 59, 70, 96; grief and joy as agency of, 10; nature spirits and, 35, 41, 47–48; roaming, 38; “shades,” 2, 7, 15, 48, 56 Anderson, David, 132 angels, 12, 89–90, 189, 197 anger: 10, 34, 39, 48; of spirits, 7, 12, 13, 22, 28–29, 38, 43, 47, 48 Anglican Church, 195 animals: dancing, 128–29; ngulu spirits in, 35, 47, 260; on Lenshina, 110; parts of as bwanga, 36; slaughter of cattle, 124–25; threat of, 43, 48–49, 61 animism, industrial, 77 anthropologists, 7–8, 18, 19; on chiefly rule, 51; religion and, 27–28; repression by, Index 284 w Index 19; on tribal change, 21; and writing of Zambian history, 17 apamwamba, 166 Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 2, 93 ARC. See African Representative Council Armageddon, 12, 23, 72, 79, 86, 187; Watchtower members’ marks during, 75; World War I as, 75; World War II as, 81 arson, 126, 133, 134, 135, 144. See also burning Ashforth, Adam, 13 Assemblies of God, 179, 182, 183–84, 186, 189, 195, 196 Atlantic Charter, 116 Aushi peoples, 29, 45, 218n82 axes, 36, 43, 97; used as weapons, 111, 143 babenye, 37, 66–67, 104, 259; as bwanga, 63; capture of, 37, 42, 65, 223n59; Chilimbulu’s skin as, 31, 37, 65; from conquest debris, 48; devaluing of, 65–66, 109; for prosperity and fertility, 40; purification by, 43; replaced by God, 68 Babisa peoples, 42 babuta, 67 Bachamanga, 47 badikoni, 99, 259 bafingo, 44 bakabilo, 37, 44, 66 bakumfwa, 101 baloshi, 38, 59, 216n54, 222n42, 259 balwani, 59 BaMaayo, 137. See also Lenshina, Alice Bamuchape, 59–63, 70–71, 109, 199; Catholic prohibition of, 67; chiefs’ collaboration with, 63–65, 68; Lenshina and, 23, 95–96; medicine offered by, 61; use of Christian spirits, 22, 62 bamukabenye, 37, 215n40 Bamwikata bwanga, 38 BanaKangwa, 89–91. See also Lenshina, Alice BanaMutupa, 90 Banda, Joshua, 179, 182, 186, 187, 193, 195, 196; social aid projects of, 190; visions of, 189 bangulu, 39, 60, 259, 260 Bangweulu: lake, 45; marshlands, 45, 52 Bantu language/peoples, 9, 17, 34, 83, 206n37, 213n23 “Bantu National Anthem,” 159 banyama, 59, 119, 125, 222n42, 224n84, 259 baptism: Christian ritual of, 12, 51, 54–55, 59, 66, 67, 68, 95; Lumpa church, 94, 95, 102, 103, 106, 112, 191; mwavi ordeal resemblance to, 62; radical movement of Mwana Lesa, 72 Barak Ministries, 184, 186 Barclays Bank, 173 Bashinganga, 39 basungu, 57, 67 battles, ritual, 44 Batwa peoples, 9, 45, 259 beads, 42, 97 beer, 42, 43, 54, 82, 127; poured on the dead, 188 behavior: antisocial, 56–57, 177; bad, 34, 99, 165, 201 Belgian Congo, 9, 10–11, 73, 79. See also Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Bemba, 22, 25–49; oral tradition distinct from Luba, 33; Ngoni tribal cousins, 70; rise and fall of polity, 20; study of, 17–21. See also Crocodile Clan Bena Ngulube, 45 Best, Wallace D., 70 Bible: Catholic translation of, 58; characters, stories, and places of, 12, 200; ChiBemba version of, 56; Eden narratives of, 38; idiom of struggle, 123; Kaunda and, 128, 165; Lenshina and, 107, 110; protest statements referencing, 123; Protestant translation of, 56, 106; spreading knowledge...