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Pope Benedict XV. Library of Congress Dignitaries attending a field mass on Saxon Square, Warsaw, August 14, 1919. Seated left to right: Józef Piłsudski, chief of state of Poland; Mgr. Achille Ratti, papal nuncio to Poland and future Pope Pius XI; and Herbert Hoover, director of the American Relief Administration and future president of the United States. Polish prime minister Ignacy Jan Paderewski stands behind Ratti. Sixty years later, the former Saxon Square was the site of the Victory Square mass celebrated by Pope John Paul II to begin his historic 1979 pilgrimage to his homeland. It is now known as Piłsudski Square. Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford Nuncio Ratti aboard a Polish hospital ship treating soldiers wounded in war against the Soviet Union, September 1920. Fondo Giordani, L’Osservatore romano Pope Pius XI. Library of Congress The two Polish cardinals with some of their colleagues at a Vatican occasion, ca. 1935. Conspicuously seated in front center, wearing a cape and looking at the camera, is August Cardinal Hlond, archbishop of Gniezno-Poznań and primate of Poland. From Hlond, the second figure to the right, hands on thighs, palms down, is Aleksander Cardinal Kakowski, archbishop of Warsaw. Fondo Giordani, L’Osservatore romano The devoted admirers of Catholic Poland Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton (with unidentified third man), 1932. National Portrait Gallery, London Left to right: Prince Adam Stefan Sapieha, archbishop of Kraków; Andrei Sheptyts’kyi, Greek Catholic archbishop of Lwów; and Józef Teodorowicz, Armenian-rite archbishop of Lwów, ca. 1937. Prince Adam Stefan Sapieha, archbishop of Kraków, an official portrait photograph taken in 1937, the year of the Wawel incident. Pope Pius XII broadcasting his appeal for peace over Vatican Radio, August 24, 1939, from Castel Gandolfo. Standing to the right is Mgr. Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Pope Paul VI. Fondo Giordani, L’Osservatore romano Cardinal Hlond, exiled by the German attack against Poland, at Castel Gandolfo, September 30, 1939, to join other Poles in attending an audience of condolence granted by Pius XII. Fondo Giordani, L’Osservatore romano ...

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