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Index
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anthracite coal strike commission, 83–84, 212n55 anti-catholicism in United states, 26, 102, 190n32 anticommunism, and Poles, 156–57 apprenticeships, 44 Arbeiterkolonien, 30 Arbeiter Zeitung (newspaper), 45 Arbeitsnachweis, 43, 96, 199n19 arnsberg, regierungsbezirke, 23, 31; catholics in, 113, 174; lutheran Protestants in, 25 assimilation: pressure for, in German society (1920s–30s), 155, 162; seen as task of catholic church, 107; segmented, 5, 6. See also americanization assimilationist model of integration, 3, 6 associations, ethnic, 28, 33–34, 165; (ethnically) mixed, 138; fraternal (1920s/30s), 161; Pennsylvanian and ruhr, compared, 145, 170; Polish, designated “political” by German authorities, 123, 139, 224n4; Polish secular and political, 135–44, 165, 230n46. See also ethnic institutions, Polish atheism in socialist ideology, 138 audenried mine, 62 aurand, harold, 85 ausstandssicherungsverband, 39 aust, richard, 63; and Polish protest, 114–15, 222n58 austrian migrants, 24 Bade, Klaus, 5 Baer, George, 43, 99 accident rates in mines, 58 adaptation, Polish patterns of, 2, 69, 77, 93, 164, 167. See also integration of migrants african americans, 5 “age(s) of migration,” 1–2 agricultural decline, and migration, 18, 164 agricultural migration, tradition of, 19 alldeutscher verband: study of ruhr Poles (1901), 132 allgemeine Berggesetz (1865), 39 alliance of Polish socialists, 142–43 alter verband, 41, 52, 56, 57, 86; antiPolish rhetoric, 67, 87; decline in Polish membership, 60; and forced labor, 146–47; and herne strike, 67; and nationalism, 59; recruitment, 90; and wages, 65, 207n33 american civil War, 25 american expeditionary Force, 158 americanization: campaigns, 6, 33, 109, 133–35; role of catholic church, 107–9; postwar pressure on Poles, 161, 166 american missionary association, 85 American Monthly Review of Reviews, 82 american Protective association (aPa), 102, 217n4 Ameryka-Echo (newspaper), 34 ancient Order of hibernians (aOh), 42 anglo-saxon Protestantism, 102 anthracite coal, 45, 168, 200n25; fields, Pennsylvania, 19, 40, 42, 72; postwar decline in coal industry, 155–56; price during strike (1902), 82, 212n48 Index Italicized page numbers refer to the appendix. 258 l Index Carbondale Herald, 63 cars, coal, size of, 73, 78 cartels, 49–50 castrop, 110 catholic church, 2, 33, 42, 86; anti-Polish attitude, 102–3, 107, 108–9; attitude to returning Polish migrants, 160; campaign by PrcU and Pna for Polish bishop, 141; declarations of rights of Poles in ruhr (1904), 110; pressure from von studt to restrict Poles, 122; responses to crises in Polish community, 116. See also roman catholic church catholic parishes, 28, 32–33, 164; and workers’ associations, 41, 102, 103, 105, 109. See also ethnic parishes; lutheran parishes catholics: and discrimination, 26, 27, 102; population in ruhr and northeastern Pennsylvania, 25–26, 101–3, 217n8. See also Polish catholicism center Party, 13; blamed for contributing to Polish nationalism, 122; and catholic “blacks,” 25; and labor relations, 50, 67–68; and main voting committee, 136; Polish electoral alliance with, 110, 220n33; unity in difference, 101–2 centralization: of coal industry, 39–40; state, 121 central Powers, 147, 148 central state mining Office (ruhr), 86 certification of miners, 56–57, 60–61 “chain migration,” 20, 36 check weighmen, 44, 51, 78, 83, 88 chemical industry, 27 chicago school, 3, 6 children, employment of, 29, 37, 43–44, 200n20 children, of Polish migrants, 28–29, 191n43. See also education of migrants/migrants’ children chinese exclusion act (1882), 13, 95, 226n18 choral groups, 138 christian socialism, as distraction from communism, 147 Bailey, alice Ward: short story in The Outlook, 131 Balch, emily: Our Slavic Fellow Citizens, 70, 135, 205n12 Bank Przemysłowców, 35 banks/banking, ethnic, 28, 34–35. See also saloons Beddal, Joseph, 80 Beddal, Thomas, 80 Belgian migrants, 24 Bendix, reinhard, 10 Bergämter, 39, 50 Bergbau verein, 39, 89; refusal to negotiate, 91 Bergpolizeiverordnung, 57 Bernhard, ludwig: treatise (1907), blaming Prussia’s Polenpolitik, 133, 228n32 Bismarck, 50, 55 bituminous coal, 45; industry, 42. See also coal-mining industry blasting powder, 49, 73, 76, 202n38 boardinghouses, 28, 31–32, 36, 194nn60–61, 194n63 Board of conciliation (post-1902 strike), 84 Bobitt, homer, 158 Bochum, 23, 24, 26, 35, 155 Bochum-langendreer, 87 Bolshevism, 156, 157 Borbeck, 125 border between Germany and Poland, 150 “borders of integration,” 2, 167–68, 171–72 Bottrop, 26, 28 breaker boys, 73, 80 Bredt, victor: Die Polenfrage im Ruhrkohlengebiet (1909), 132, 227n27 Brejski, anton, 86 Brejski, Jan, 86, 136 Brubaker, rogers: Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, 12–14 Bruchstrasse mine, 87 Brust, august, 67 Brzeskot, Jan, 88, 89 calvin Pardee and co., 62 carbon, Penn., 23 [3.85.63.190...