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271 African intellectual history: approach to, 6–8; domestication of ideas in, 193n17; ethical questions in, 8–9; limits of, 5–6, 192n11; predecessors of, 10. See also African existentialism; Black Consciousness ideology; theology Africanism: black (term) vs., 45–46, 205–6n17; exclusions of, 140, 142, 144, 232–33n12; fears of, 43–44. See also Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) Africanization: of Christianity, 84–90; of clerical robes, 189; debates on, 80–84, 104 African National Congress (ANC): attitudes toward SASO, 141–42; banning of, 18; criticism of, 199n36; failed promises of, 17, 51, 171; identification with, 185–86; leaders exiled or imprisoned, 21; Pityana in, 190; politics of enmity and, 140, 144; practical project of, 142; Program of Action of, 38; responsibility for Soweto claimed by, 155–56, 157, 239n93; student group aligned with, 28; supporters arrested, 68; WCC’s support for, 212n67; Youth League of, 38 African Theology: Christianity translated in, 84–87; faith defined in, 91; ideas underlying, 79–80, 85–86; problems caused by, 91–93, 97; reexamination of, 97–99; traditional practices in, 87–90. See also Black Theology; theology African traditional religions: characteristics of, 91; Christianity merged with, 84–90; included in worship practices, 83–84; past as inspiration for future-oriented focus in, 98; reconsideration of, 79 Afrikaners and Afrikaner nation: “as chosen people,” 62, 104; Roman rulers compared with, 108; sacralization of events, 23–24, 60–61. See also apartheid; Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) agency: claims of, 36–39, 203n74; martyrdom discourse and, 177–78 agnosticism, 213n85 AIDS policy, 189, 190, 228n15 Akenson, Donald, 223n30 Alves, Ruben, 222n10 Amin, Idi, 38, 43–44 ANC. See African National Congress Anglican Church: criticism of, 82–83; current challenges to, 189; training for priesthood, 100–101 Angola, political change in, 151 anthropology, appeal of, 85–86, 217n27 Index Abraham, Hans, 209n11 activists: agency and maturation of, 36–39, 203n74; appearance and fashion choices of, 111, 224n50; background of, 5–6, 13, 18–20, 23, 93; codes used by, 132, 133; friends and enemies named by, 140, 144–48; as historical subjects and conscious selves, 41–42, 44–45; liminality of, 197n13; memories and experiences of, 21–25; as men, adults, and black, 51; reflections on, 185–90; strikes, protests, and rallies of (1972–76), 148–54. See also Black Consciousness ideology; Christianity; conscientization; gender issues; masculinity; prophets; selfhood and self-fashioning; voice; specific individuals and organizations Africa: human community as gift of, 45–46, 88–89, 91, 117; idealization of precolonial, 88; independence successes in, 1, 27, 46, 148, 151–52, 160; South Africa’s perspective compared with rest of, 80, 91–92; “soil of,” 44, 84, 87, 93; true humanity in culture of, 45–46; worldview of, 89. See also African diaspora; African intellectual history; Africanism; Africanization; African Theology; African traditional religions; and specific countries African Americans: borrowings from, 46–48; Christianity of, 80, 113–14; dialectics of religion, 93–97; name-calling against, 144– 45; translations from, 48–50, 53, 207n41. See also Black Power (US); Black Theology African diaspora: American Black Theology and, 80; black intellectuals and, 6; Black Messiah and, 114–15; as counterculture, 49; gender issues in, 7; music of, 46; white existentialism and, 8–9 African Dutch Reformed Church, 62, 210n22 African existentialism: attitude toward future, 51–53; being “black” in, 42–50, 205n13; beingness and humanity in, 41–42; ethical questions in, 8–9; influential text in, 197n15; liberation in, 10; questions about “I” and blackness, 110–11. See also beingness; human community and humanism African Independent Church Association, 219–20n58 African Independent Churches (AICs): apolitical stance of, 65, 219–20n58; Christianity translated in, 84–87; similarities shared with mainstream church, 216n16; traditional practices in, 87–90, 93. See also African Theology; Black Theology 272 w฀฀Index bannings: adjusting thinking in context of, 160–61; attitudes toward, 164–65; countering fear in, 167–72; of Essays on Black Theology, 127, 162; gendered dimension of, 165–67; government funds for, 161, 165; individuals as saints of Azania, 243n81; legal effects of, 161, 240n20; organizational planning for, 164; protests of, 162, 163–64; of Pro Veritate, 183; resurgence of activism after, 185–86; sacrifices in, 173, 174–75; Sharpeville massacre compared with, 163, 177–78; of World, 183. See also specific individuals Bantu Administration: restructuring under, 18–19; Tiro’s speech and response of, 149–50 Bantu Education: 50/50 language mandate of, 155, 156; Catholic schools kept out of, 64; “divine task” of, 60; politicization in, 22–25; politics excised...

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