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Notes All interviews were conducted by the author unless otherwise noted. All translations from the Portuguese, unless otherwise noted, are by the author. introduction Epigraph: Christine Messiant, “‘Em Angola, até o passado é imprevisível’: A experiência de uma investigação sobre o nacionalismo angolano e, em particular, o MPLA: Fontes, crítica, necessidade actuais de investigação,” in Actas do II Semin ário Internacional Sobre a História de Angola: Construindo o passado angolano: As fontes e a sua interpretação, Luanda 4 a 9 de Agosto de 1997 (Lisbon: Commiss ão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 2000). 1. Interview with Alberto Teta Lando, May 7, 1998, Luanda. These three musicians were David Zé, Urbano de Castro, and Artur Nunes. Their music was unof- ficially banned from the airwaves and was not played for over a decade. 2. The alleged coup attempt, known in Angola as 27 de Maio, and the state’s repressive response are discussed in more detail in chapter 6 of this book. See David Birmingham, “The Twenty-seventh of May: An Historical Note on the Abortive 1977 Coup in Angola,” African Affairs 77, no. 309 (October 1978): 554–64, and Jean-Michel Mabeko Tali, Dissidências e poder de estado: O MPLA perante si próprio (1962–1977) (Luanda: Editorial Nzila, 2001), vol. 2. The particulars of these events and their effects are only beginning to come to light. A series of articles in the independent press in 1998 was one of the first signs that this issue was reopening to public debate. See, for example, Folha 8, no. 312 (May 26, 1998), which had a series of articles on various aspects of the alleged coup attempt and its effects. The headline was “Era preciso o Holocausto?” (“Was the Holocaust Necessary?”). 3. Fernando Martins, “Os Kiezos: Do Bairro Marçal para a eternidade,” Agora, August 1998, 10. 4. Unlike studies of the Mau Mau or of the guerrilla fighters in Zimbabwe, the literature on Angolan nationalism by and large does not include accounts by combatants or by those involved in the struggle at the guerrilla bases. Inge Brinkman’s work has begun to address this lacuna. According to Maria Conceição Neto, there was a project in the 1980s, in which she was involved, that interviewed women who 197 You are reading copyrighted material published by Ohio University Press/Swallow Press. Unauthorized posting, copying, or distributing of this work except as permitted under U.S. copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. had been involved in the struggle. However, nothing was ever done with the interviews and they were not made available to the public. The earliest material comes from journalists who traveled with the guerrillas and published accounts of camp life. See for example Don Barnett, With the Guerrillas in Angola (Seattle: Liberation Support Movement Information Center, 1970) and Liberation Support Movement Interview: Sixth Region Commander Seta Likambuila, MPLA (Seattle: Liberation Support Movement Information Center, 1974); Don Barnett and Roy Harvey, The Revolution in Angola: MPLA, Life Histories and Documents (New York: Bobbs Merrill , 1972); and Caetano Pagano, “Visit to MPLA and Their Liberated Areas,” May–September 1974 (International University Exchange Fund, 1974). Brinkman, “A canção política, as religiões e o conceito de ‘cultura popular,’” unpublished paper presented in Luanda and Mbanza Kongo, December 2003 (draft from author cited with permission). Also see Brinkman, ed., Singing in the Bush: MPLA Songs during the War for Independence in South-east Angola (1966–1975) (Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2001), and “War, Witches and Traitors: Cases from the MPLA’s Eastern Front in Angola (1966–1975),” Journal of African History 44, no. 2 (July 2003): 303–26. A famous fictional account of life in the armed struggle is Pepetela’s Mayombe , 5th ed. (Lisbon: Publicações Dom Quixote, 1993). Some first-person accounts and memoirs have been published recently: Paulo M. Júnior, Lembranças da vida (Luanda: INALD, 1998); Michel Laban, Viriato da Cruz: Cartas de Pequim (Luanda: Edições Chá de Caxinde, 2003); Dino Matrosse, Memórias (1961–1971) (Luanda: Editoral Nzila, 2005); Fernando Tavares Pimenta, Angola no percurso de um nacionalista : Conversas com Adolfo Coelho (Porto, Portugal: Edições Afrontamento, 2006); Deolinda Rodrigues, Diário de um exílio sem regresso (Luanda: Editorial Nzila, 2003) and Cartas de Langidila e outros documentos (Luanda: Editorial Nzila, 2004); and Adriano Sebastião, Dos campos de algodão aos dias de hoje (Luanda, 1993). 5...

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