Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain since 1800

Notes

Notes Chapter 1 . John W. Graham, The Destruction of Daylight: A Study in the Smoke Problem (London: George Allen, ), –. . Arnold Marsh, Smoke: The Problem of Coal and the Atmosphere (London : Faber and Faber, []), . . This phrase was coined by Peter Mathias, The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain, – (New York: Scribner, ). . W. H. Te Brake,“Air Pollution and Fuel Crises in Pre-Industrial London, –,”Technology and Culture , no.  (): –; B. R. Mitchell, British Historical Statistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), . . Richard L. Hills, Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine (New York: Cambridge University Press, ). . Michael W. Flinn, with the assistance of David Stoker, The History of the British Coal Industry, vol. , –: The Industrial Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ), ; Barry Supple, The History of the British Coal Industry , vol. , –: The Political Economy of Decline (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ), . . The quantities for all countries are expressed in metric tons. One metric ton equals , kilograms or , pounds. B. R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics: Europe, –, th ed. (London: Macmillan Reference, ), –; idem, International Historical Statistics: The Americas, –, th ed. (London: Macmillan Reference, ), –. . B. R. Mitchell, Economic Development of the British Coal Industry, – (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), , . . William Stanley Jevons, The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal-Mines (London : Macmillan, ); Graham, Destruction of Daylight, . You are reading copyrighted material published by Ohio University Press/Swallow Press. Unauthorized posting, copying, or distributing of this work except as permitted under U.S. copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. . Mark Z. Jacobsen, Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation (New York: Cambridge University Press, ). . Between  and  the census registered a population increase in Glasgow from , to ,, in Leeds from , to ,, and in Sheffield from , to ,. Population growth appears even greater if one includes adjoining areas that were later incorporated into these cities. See Mitchell, British Historical Statistics, –. For an excellent overview, see Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities (; repr., Berkeley: University of California Press, ). . London surpassed Beijing as the world’s most populous urban area in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, and it retained this position until New York surpassed it in the first quarter of the twentieth century. See Tertius Chandler and Gerald Fox,  Years of Urban Growth (New York: Academic Press, ), –. . James Johnson, Change of Air, or the Pursuit of Health. . . . (London: S. Highley, ), . . Mitchell, British Historical Statistics, –; Roy Church, with the assistance of Alan Hall and John Kanefsky, The History of the British Coal Industry, vol. , –: Victorian Pre-Eminence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ), ; Stephen Mosley, The Chimney of the World: A History of Smoke Pollution in Victorian and Edwardian Manchester (Cambridge: White Horse Press, ), . . Te Brake, “Air Pollution,” –. . John Evelyn, Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of the Aer and Smoake of London Dissipated. . . . (), repr. in The Smoake of London: Two Prophecies, ed. James P. Lodge (Elmsford, N.Y.: Maxwell Reprint, ). For an interesting recent interpretation of Evelyn’s work, see Mark Jenner, “The Politics of London Air: John Evelyn’s Fumifugium and the Restoration,” Historical Journal , no.  (): –. . Throughout much of the nineteenth century, the term pollution referred not to toxic substances, but to moral corruption and sin. Oxford English Dictionary, nd ed., s.v. “pollute,” “polluter,” and “pollution.” Over time, however, the “environmental” definition of the word has banished the earlier definition to obscurity. For a discussion of this linguistic evolution, see Adam W. Rome, “Coming to Terms with Pollution: The Language of Environmental Reform, –,” Environmental History  (July ): –. . Anthony S. Wohl, Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ); I. G. Simmons, An Environmental History of Great Britain: From , Years Ago to the Present (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ).  | Notes to Pages ‒ You are reading copyrighted material published by Ohio University Press/Swallow Press. Unauthorized posting, copying, or distributing of this work except as permitted under U.S. copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. . Eric Ashby and Mary Anderson, The Politics of Clean Air (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ), . See also John M. Eyler, “The Conversion of Angus Smith: The Changing Role of Chemistry and Biology in Sanitary Science, –,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine  (): –. . See J. E. Chamberlin,“An Anatomy of Cultural Melancholy,” Journal of the History of Ideas , no.  (): –, esp. –. . See Martin A. Danahay, “Matter Out of Place: The Politics of Pollution in Ruskin and Turner,” Clio , no.  (): –. . J. Edward Chamberlin and Sander L. Gilman, eds., Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress (New York: Columbia...