Development, Security, and Aid: Geopolitics and Geoeconomics at the U.S. Agency for International Development

Index

179 INDEX Afghanistan, 45–46, 124, 130, 162n3; as fragile state, 118, 163n9; in global war on terror, 146, 151; reconstruction in, 120, 134 aid selectivity, 57–58, 108, 135, 139, 149, 151; deservedness and, 15, 89, 111, 116–124, 127, 160n5. See also Foreign Assistance Framework Alliance for Progress, 46–47 austerity, 16, 126, 128, 132, 143; funding for usaid and, 145–147 basic needs approach, 52, 54–59, 61, 64, 72–73, 76, 77. See also poor majority Burdick, Eugene, 31 Bush, George H. W., 52, 79, 82, 91 Bush, George W., 12, 18–19, 89, 103, 115, 162n7 Carter, Jimmy, 64 Chile, 47 civil society, 8, 23, 27, 54, 59, 135, 142, 156, 162n5; neoliberalism and, 75, 96; trade capacity building and, 97, 99, 107–108. See also global aid architecture; nongovernmental organizations Clinton, Bill, 82, 92 Clinton, Hillary, 12, 146 Cold War, 5, 6, 14; American foreign aid as strategy in, 35–37, 43, 45, 48, 50, 65, 124–125, 160n3; development and, 9, 11, 26–27, 40; neoliberalization and end of, 52–53, 82–83, 107–108; post– Cold War political and economic environment, 3, 15, 84, 86–87, 89–92, 97, 132, 159n1. See also under geoeconomics; geopolitics; national security development: expertise, 18, 44–45, 55–60, 70–71, 78, 96, 139–144, 150; informal imperialism and, 133, 154–157; as intervention, 9–11, 22–23, 25, 134, 136– 137, 148, 152, 154; as process, 10–11, 51, 56, 59, 73, 153–154; strategic selectivity and, 26–27; theory, 4, 9–14, 26, 55, 58, 132, 156; transformational, 16, 112, 115–118, 120; women and, 57–58, 140. See also neoliberalism: globalization and, in uneven development; and under Cold War; geoeconomics; geopolitics; global war on terror; hegemony; national security; 9/11; smart power; terrorism Development Experience Clearinghouse (dec), 159n2, 165 Development Loan Fund (dlf ), 43, 44 Diplomatic Readiness Initiative (dri), 95, 161n3 Director of Foreign Assistance, 119 Economic Cooperation Agency (eca), 28, 30 Economic Support Funds (esf ), 79–81 Ehrlich, Thomas, 61–62 Ethiopia, 136, 151, 152 Europe, 30, 36, 76; American aid to, 9, 27, 41, 102, 105; European states as aid donors, 33, 54, 92; European states as economic competitors and partners, 64–67, 71; Marshall Plan in, 28–29, 34 180 • index failed state. See state failure Feed the Future (ftf ), 16, 134–145, 150, 151, 154, 163n1; Food for Peace and, 43, 138; green power and, 42, 65; in Honduras, 136, 139, 140–144; informal imperialism and, 139, 141. See also food aid; food security food aid, 31, 41–42, 65, 79, 92, 152; Food for Peace and, 43, 138; green power and, 42, 65. See also Feed the Future; food security Food for Peace, 43, 138 food security, 135, 138–143, 149 Foreign Aid Reduction Act of 1995, 96 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (faa), 28, 31, 38, 39, 41, 42, 80, 160n2; amendment to, in 1973, 53–54, 61; congressional debate about and passage of, 32–37; failed amendment to, in 1991, 91–92; failed replacement of, in 1994, 92; Hamilton-Gilman task force and, 80–82, 91. See also military aid Foreign Assistance Framework, 16, 89, 109–113, 115–116, 118–127, 137, 162n6, 163n9; fragile states and, 115, 117–118, 120, 122–123, 163n10; informal imperialism and, 111, 118; restrictive states and, 120–122 fragile state. See Foreign Assistance Framework free trade. See trade liberalization General Accounting Office (gao), 161n1 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (gatt), 65–67, 71, 85 geoeconomics: in Cold War, 20–21, 26, 29–30, 61; development and, 9–10, 55, 82–83, 129; “geoeconomic social,” 5, 38, 55, 63–64; as geostrategic discourse, 2–8, 42, 130, 156; humanitarianism and, 64; post-9/11 articulation of, with geopolitics, 12, 13–16, 107–109, 113–118, 125–127, 134, 149–154; as secondary to geopolitics in U.S. strategies, 14, 17, 21–22, 38, 42, 45, 47. See also geopolitics —neoliberalism and, 51–53, 68–70; as basis for usaid strategies, 76–77, 82–83, 85–88, 99, 130–132 geopolitics: in Cold War, 14, 17, 20–22, 27–30, 34–40, 45–50; critical, 3, 6, 17– 20, 22; development and, 9–10, 42–43, 52–53, 68, 106; “geopolitical social,” 5, 38; as geostrategic discourse, 2–8, 42; “neoliberal,” 6, 107, 134; neoliberalism and, 77–79, 81–83, 86–90, 106, 132; post-9/11 articulation of, with geoeconomics, 12, 13–16, 107–109, 113–118, 125–127, 149...