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515 INDEX Adams, R. L., 27n, 62, 66, 79–80, 89n Agricultural Labor Administration, 37–38 Agricultural Workers Association (awa), 342–43, 361, 365, 405 Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (awoc), 209n, 321–22, 336, 344–45, 353–55, 407–8; Filipino workers in, 406–7; founding of, 342; and “Hot Box” strikes, 346–52; organizing strategy of, 342, 343, 347–48, 406; reestablishment of aflcio support for, 361, 366–67; strike strategy of 347, 348, 354; withdrawal of afl-cio support for, 360, 365 Alianza de Braceros de México, 178, 187, 219 Almaguer, Tomás, 230 Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America (amc), 302, 345, 360 American Civil Liberties Union, 366 American Farm Bureau Federation, 23, 38, 40 American Federation of Labor (afl), 119–20, 125, 128, 186, 209, 224 American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (aflcio ), 298, 302, 342–43, 344, 353, 359, 365–66; and Industrial Union Department 344 Anderson, Clinton, 110–11 Anderson, Henry, 84n, 223n, 293n, 305–7, 314, 329–34, 359n, 361; backlash against, 332–33, 335–36; “Social Justice and Foreign Contract Labor,” 331–32 Andrés, Benny, 175–76 Anglim, William, 91, 110 anti-bracero coalition, 352, 361, 364–65 antipicketing and antiparading orders, 127–28, 162, 357 Antle, Bud, 360–61, 395, 403 Arismendi Arismendi, Ezequiel, 327 Armand C. Feichtmeir & Company, 321, 326–27 asparagus, geography of production of, 410–11 aspirantes: massing of, 30, 70, 84, 118, 219–20; riots of, 30, 220, 237–38 Associated Farmers of California, 17, 121, 216, 242–43, 403; in DiGiorgio strike, 125, 127; in Imperial Valley strike (1951), 182, 186; red-baiting by, 151 A-Teams, 388–89 Bailey, Lester, 287, 299–300 Becker, William, 150, 152, 157n, 158n, 224 beets, cultivation of, 24–25 Belli, Melvyn, 328n Benítez, Miguel N., 10 Bennett, Charles, 231 Bennett, Fay, 239n Blackwelder, Ernie, 413 Blackwelder Manufacturing Company, 413 Border Patrol, 236, 241, 243, 245n; funding cuts to, 241n Boswell, J. G. (company), 52 Bowers, Tom (orchard), 351–52 Bracero History Archive, 99 bracero processing centers, 84, 117–18, 219–21 516 • index bracero program: congressional threats to, 91, 115, 346, 375; corruption in, 223, 278, 320–22, 330–31, 375–78; cost of administering, 194; effect on local business of, 301, 327; and end of World War II, 78–79; first plan for, 26–27; geographical contraction of, 364–65; grower attitudes toward, 32–33, 36–37, 41, 80, 152, 364–65, 384–85; grower dissatisfaction with, 194–95; grower goals for, 6, 137–38, 238; grower opposition to, 39, 117n; importance to agricultural landscape of, 416–18; international agreements for, 29–30, 117, 119, 136–38, 184, 193–94, 234, 243; joint determination process in, 138, 187, 267, 324–25, 377–78; and Korean War, 151–52, 164; legal authority for, 1n; legal changes to, 78–79, 80–81, 117, 138, 192–94; Mexican government demands regarding, 28–29, 80–81, 137–38, 178n, 234–35, 383; Mexican withdrawal from, 118, 190; negotiations over, 178n, 193, 234–35, 237; organized labor opposition to, 26n, 80, 119, 136–37, 341, 345–46; organized labor support for, 26, 37n, 164, 360; provisions of international agreement for, 211, 219, 222, 225–26, 359; and remittances, 383; role of undocumented workers in, 241–42; and scale of labor market, 98–99, 100; “secret study” of, by State Department, 137–38; as subsidy to growers, 194, 379; termination of, 115–16, 302, 371, 384; violations of international agreement for, 35–36, 162, 183, 185, 218–19, 249–50, 255, 293, 324–25, 331, 374–75; weakness of guarantees in, 29, 80–81. See also Public Law (pl) 78 bracero reception centers, 84, 305, 330, 355 braceros: adverse effect of, 193, 194, 284, 291–96, 363–64, 371; as “agitators,” 86, 88; “awol,” 66, 78, 218; bargaining power of, 213, 221–23, 248–49; contract extensions for, 171, 186, 252n; contracts for, 193–94, 250, 270–71; in cotton fields, 304n; deaths of, 314–15, 316; debt of, 84n, 220; debt peonage of, 213; delays in recruiting of, 38, 117–18, 220; deportation of, 224–25, 327; displacement of, by domestic workers, 159, 298–99, 301, 304–5, 349, 354, 375; distribution of, 78; and “domination,” 88–89, 196, 206, 223–24, 247, 283–95 passim, 303, 309, 320–21, 347, 353; early reception of, 1, 35; as expensive labor, 91–92; grower attitudes toward, 86–87; grower demands for access to, 24; as indentured...

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