War upon the Land: Military Strategy and the Transformation of Southern Landscapes during the American Civil War

Notes

{141} notes introduction 1. George Squire to Ellen Squire, September 8, 1864, in Squire, This Wilderness of War, 81, 83. All quotations from primary source materials follow the spelling and grammar of the original. The upas tree, Antiaris toxicaria, is native in several parts of Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific. Some cultures use its poisonous sap on arrow and dart tips. 2. Schantz, Awaiting the Heavenly Country, 2. 3. Faust, This Republic of Suffering, xii. 4. Ibid., xv. 5. Thaddeus Minshall to Friend, November 26, 1862, and March 26, 1863, Papers of Judge Thaddeus A. Minshall, fhs. 6. Upson, With Sherman to the Sea, 114–15. 7. Nichols, Story of the Great March, 16. 8. Theodore Allen diary, January 12, [1865], fhs. 9. John H. Tilford diary, May 16, 1864, fhs. 10. Natchez Weekly Courier, November 15, 1864, lcnpr. Originally published in the Indianapolis Journal. 11. Nichols, Story of the Great March, 16. 12. Hahn, Nation under Our Feet; Silver, New Face on the Countryside; Stewart, “What Nature Suffers to Groe”; and Glave and Stoll, “To Love the Wind.” 13. Linda Nash, “Agency of Nature,” 69. 14. Hess, “Nature of Battle,” 47. 15. Winters et al., Battling the Elements, 1. 16. Weigley, Great Civil War, 268, 418. 17. Grabau, Ninety-Eight Days. See also McElfresh, Maps and Mapmakers. 18. Linda Nash, “Agency of Nature,” 68. 19. Kirby, “American Civil War,” pt. 5. 20. Steinberg, Down to Earth, 89–98. 21. Fiege, “Gettysburg,” 93–95. 22. Meier, “‘No Place for the Sick,’” dissertation; Meier, “‘No Place for the Sick,’” Journal of the Civil War Era; and Meier, “Fighting in ‘Dante’s Inferno.’” 23. Humphreys, Intensely Human; Bell, Mosquito Soldiers. 24. Stroud, “Does Nature Always Matter?” 80. 25. Spirn, Language of Landscape, 24. 26. Worster, “Transformations of the Earth,” 1093. 27. Stoll, Larding the Lean Earth, 8. 28. Cowdrey, This Land, This South; Lynn Nelson, Pharsalia; Saikku, This Delta, This Land; Silver, New Face on the Countryside; and Stewart, “What Nature Suffers to Groe.” {142} notes to introduction 29. Kirby, “American Civil War,” pt. 6. 30. Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 244. 31. Stoll, Larding the Lean Earth, 20. 32. Ibid., 9, 20–21. 33. Nye, America as Second Creation, 19. 34. Bell, Mosquito Soldiers; Humphreys, Intensely Human; Langston, Toxic Bodies; Linda Nash, Inescapable Ecologies; and Valenčius, Health of the Country. 35. LeCain, Mass Destruction, 9. 36. Stilgoe, Common Landscape of America, 3. 37. Meinig, Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes, 2. 38. Michael Lewis, “American Wilderness,” 5. 39. This idea comes from one of this book’s anonymous prepublication reviewers, whom I would like to thank for helping me to clarify my argument along these lines. 40. Perreault, “American Wilderness and First Contact,” 20. Bradford quotation from Bradford, Of Plimouth Plantation, 62. 41. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 7, 24. 42. Cronon, “Trouble with Wilderness.” 43. Spirn, Language of Landscape, 18. 44. Merchant, Death of Nature, 2. 45. Shiman, “Engineering Sherman’s March,” 7. 46. Rae and Volti, Engineer in History, 85. See also Reynolds, “Engineer in 19thCentury America”; Seelye, Beautiful Machine; and Shallat, Structures in the Stream. 47. Raymond Merritt, Engineering in American Society, 133, 135, 132, respectively. 48. Raymond Merritt, Engineering in American Society, 7, citing Proceedings of the American Society for Civil Engineering 1 (1874): 175. 49. Crackel, West Point, 81. 50. Tillman, “Academic History,” 232. 51. Morrison, “Educating the Civil War Generals,” 108. 52. Ibid. 53. Fryman, “Fortifying the Landscape,” 45. 54. Shallat, “The West Point Connection,” in Structures in the Stream, 79–116. 55. Reill, Vitalizing Nature, 38. 56. Worster, Nature’s Economy, x. 57. Ibid., 421. 58. Ibid., 2. 59. Angela Miller, “Fate of Wilderness,” 95, 96. 60. Worster, Nature’s Economy, 29. 61. Ibid., 36. 62. Nye, America as Second Creation, 10. 63. See Bagley, Soil Exhaustion; Cowdrey, This Land, This South; Knobloch, Culture of Wilderness; Majewski, Modernizing a Slave Economy; Silver, New Face on the Countryside ; and Stewart, “What Nature Suffers to Groe.” 64. Majewski, Modernizing a Slave Economy, 35. For an overview of soil types in the United States, see Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Taxonomy. 65. Majewski, Modernizing a Slave Economy, 16. See also Bagley, Soil Exhaustion, 3, 4, 8. 66. Paludan, People’s Contest, 152. notes to introduction and chapter one {143} 67. Ibid., 154. 68. Ibid., 156. 69. Clark and Kirwan, South since Appomattox; Cowdrey, This Land, This South; Gates...