Conserving Southern Longleaf: Herbert Stoddard and the Rise of Ecological Land Management

Notes

NOTES Introduction 1. Dictionary.com Unabridged, Random House, http://dictionary.reference .com/browse/manipulation. 2. The standard work on the development of natural resource conservation as public policy remains Hays, Conservation and the Gospel. On building a biological knowledge base, see Allen, Life Science; Rainger, Benson, Maienschein, American Development of Biology; Rainger, Benson, Maienschein, Expansion of American Biology. 3. See Warren, Hunter’s Game; Jacoby, Crimes against Nature; Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness. Also see Scott, Seeing like a State. 4. Judd, Common Lands, Common People. 5. On the shift to biocentrism in American environmental thought, see Worster , Nature’s Economy; Dunlap, Saving America’s Wildlife; Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind; Frederick R. Davis, The Man Who Saved Sea Turtles; Barrow, Nature’s Ghosts. Scholars of Aldo Leopold’s life and work have done much to reveal this shift as well. See Meine, Aldo Leopold; Meine, Correction Lines; Newton, Aldo Leopold’s Odyssey; Flader, Thinking like a Mountain. 6. On the environmental history of the New Deal era, see Worster, Dust Bowl; Sutter, Driven Wild; Sutter, “Terra Incognita”; Maher, Nature’s New Deal; Maher, “‘Crazy Quilt Farming’”; Phillips, This Land, This Nation; Beeman and Pritchard, Green and Permanent Land; and Henderson and Woolner, F.D.R. and the Environment. 7. Hybrid landscapes—places where nature and culture meet—have recently become the subject of great interest to environmental historians, and one manifestation of that interest has been a renewed focus on agricultural landscapes. For an overview, see White, “From Wilderness to Hybrid Landscapes”; some of the best book length examples include, Fiege, Irrigated Eden; Langston, Where Land and Water Meet; Linda Nash, Inescapable Ecologies. 8. On work and nature, see Richard White, “‘Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?’: Work and Nature,” in Cronon, Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, 171–85; and Peck, “The Nature of Labor .” On the value of local knowledge for science and conservation, see Scott, Seeing like a State. 9. For an extended discussion of how “the domination of nature can lead to 230 notes to introduction the domination of some people over others,” see Worster, Rivers of Empire, 19– 60, quote on p. 50. For an example from the South, see Giesen, “‘Truth about the Boll Weevil.’” 10. Daniel, Breaking the Land, 4. On tenantry and the transformation of southern agriculture in the twentieth century, also see Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost; Fite, Cotton Fields No More; Aiken, Cotton Plantation South. 11. Stewart, “If John Muir Had Been an Agrarian,” 147. Stewart has done more than anyone to situate the South within the historiography of environmental history , and vice versa. Also see his “Re-greening the South,” “Southern Environmental History,” “‘Let Us Begin with the Weather?’” and What Nature Suffers to Groe, 1–20. Studies on the environmental history of the South have multiplied in recent years. For commentary on where the field is going and where it has been, see Sutter, “No More the Backward Region”; Morris, “More Southern Environmental History”; Graham, “Again the Backward Region?” Book length studies on the South include Cowdrey, This Land, This South; Silver, New Face on the Countryside; Silver, Mount Mitchell; Kirby, Poquosin; Kirby, Mockingbird Song; Carney, Black Rice; Glave and Stoll, To Love the Wind; Mikko Saiku, This Delta, This Land; Lynn A. Nelson, Pharsalia; Jack Davis, Everglades Providence; Giesen, South’s Greatest Enemy?; Hersey, My Work Is That of Conservation; Strong, Making Catfish Bait of Government Boys. 12. On the role of place in the making of science, see Kohler, Landscapes and Labscapes; Kohler, All Creatures; Livingstone, Putting Science in Its Place; Shapin, “Placing the View from Nowhere.” 13. On dispossession in the name of conservation, see Warren, Hunter’s Game; Jacoby, Crimes against Nature; Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness; Margaret Lynn Brown, Wild East; Pierce, Great Smokies; Megan Kate Nelson, Trembling Earth; Phillips, This Land, This Nation; Powell, Anguish of Displacement; Reich, “Re-creating the Wilderness.” 14. Kohler, All Creatures, 8. 15. Ibid., 18. 16. On the rise of ecology, see Worster, Nature’s Economy; Golley, History of the Ecosystem Concept; Hagen, Entangled Bank. 17. The following paragraphs rely most heavily on Jose, Jokela, and Miller, Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, but there are many places to look for background on longleaf ecology. For examples, see Wahlenberg, Longleaf Pine; Earley, Looking for Longleaf; Neel, Sutter, and Way, Art of Managing Longleaf; Brockway et al., Restoration of Longleaf Pine Ecosystems; Farrar, Proceedings of the Symposium; Longleaf Alliance Web site, http://www.longleafalliance...