Cliges

NOTES

NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. Chretien de Troyes, "Philomena and Procne," 200—279. 2. Mw Arthurian Encyclopedia, 37.Because of its reference to "le mal dagres" in v.3849, Beroul's Tristan tends to be dated by the siege of Acre in the winter of 1190—1191. 3. Shirt, "How Much of the Lion/' 1-17; Janssens, "Simultaneous Composition/' 366-75. 4. Lejeune, "Conte du Graal," 65—67, 75. 5. Gerbert de Montreuil writes that Chretien did not complete Perceval: Ce nous dist Crestiens de Troie Qui de Percheval comencha Mais la mors qui Fadevancha Ne li laissa pas traire affin . .. [Chretien de Troyes, who began the story of Perceval, told us this, but death, which overtook him, did not let him bring it to an end.] (Gerbert de Montreuil, Continuation, vv. 6984—6987, 214.) 6. The dates of Chretien de Troyes s romances are disputed. Nitze proposes the earliest range of dates: after 1158 for Erec andEnide; after 1164 for Lancelot; around 1170 for Yvain; and before 1181 for Perceval, in Perceval and theHoly Grail, 284—85. The dates of 1170 for Erec, 1176 for Cliges, 1177 to 1179 or 1181 for Yvain and Lancelot, and after 1181 for Perceval are given by Frappier, Chretien de Troyes, 9. Uitti with Freeman dates Erec 1165, Cliges 1176 to 1178, Lancelot and Yvain 1179 to 1180, and Perceval c. 1190, in Chretien de Troyes Revisited,xiv. Luttrell proposes that Chretien's romances were written during a shorter and later period between 1184 and 1190, in Creation, 32. 7. The love songs are entitled "Amors tancon et bataille" and "D'Amors, qui m'a tolu a moi." The latter song mentions the potion with which Tristan waspoisoned. In both songs Love is personified as a masterful opponent. The songs are contained in Chretien de Troyes, Chansons courtoises. 8. Mickel Jr., in "Theme/' 52,states: "The debate over the authenticity of the work has raged since the mid-nineteenth century, with Foerster, Groeber, and Wilmotte arguing strongly in favor of the text s authenticity and Gaston Paris, Paul Meyer, andJean Frappier voicing doubts and generally negativefeelings about the quality of the roman" 9. Meade, Eleanor of Aquitaine, 129, 148. 10. Evergates,Feudal Society, 64, and Arbois de Jubainville, Histoire, vol. 3,13, place the betrothal as early as 1148. ['97] NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION u. Luttrell notes that Eracle was begun by Gautier d'Arras for Countess Marie and her brother-in-law, Count Thibaut V of Blois, in Creation, 28. 12. See Arbois de Jubainville, Histoire, vols. 2 and 3, and Benton, "The Court of Champagne under Henry the Liberal/' 13. His grandmother Adela (c. 1062-1137), countess of Blois, was the daughter of William the Conqueror and the sister of Henry I of England (1068—1135, r. 1100—1135). 14. Thibaut IV married Mathilda, the daughter of Engelbert, marquis of Istria and duke of Carinthia, from the outer boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire, the presentday Yugoslavia and Austria. Poinsignon, Histoire general*, 145, and Arbois deJubainville, Histoire, vol. 2,135—36, 260—64. 15. Through his mothers connections, Count Henri was involved in the negotiations betweenFrederick Barbarossa(c. 1123-1190, r. 1152-1190) and Louis VII regarding the election of Pope Alexander III in 1162 and was briefly the German emperor's hostage in 1163. See Arbois de Jubainville, Histoire, vol. 3,47—63. 16. Benton, "The Court of Champagne as a Literary Center," 551—91. 17. Guillaume's youthful stay in England is mentioned by John of Salisbury, letter 307, in Letters, vol. 2, 746—47; Herbert of Bosham, epistola 5, Patrologia Latina, vol. 190, col. 1431; and the author of the Book of St. Gilbert, 176—79. 18. Bernard of Clairvaux protests youthful ecclesiastical honors for Guillaume in 1151 in a letter to his father, epistola 271, Patrologia Latina, vol. 182, col. 475—76. Thibaut ignored the saint's advice and made Guillaume canon of Cambrai and Meaux and provost of the chapters of Saint-Quiriace of Provins and of the cathedrals of Soissons and Troyes. 19. Guillaume negotiated with Henry II during his quarrel with his former chancellor and archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket, over the liberties of the English church. Guillaume was a regular visitor to Troyes, beginning in 1159, according to Benton, "The Court of Champagne under Henry the Liberal," 133. 20. John R. Williams, "William," 365-87. 21. Subsequently Guillaume became archbishop of Reims (1176) and cardinal of Santa Sabina (1179), regent of France (1190—1191...