Invention of Ecocide: Agent Orange, Vietnam, and the Scientists Who Changed the Way We Think About the Environment

INDEX

233 INDEX aaas (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 9, 97–98, 104, 116, 148, 153; and government restriction of 2,4,5-t, 124, 125–26; herbicidal warfare viewed by, 99, 140–41, 148; Herbicide Assessment Commission (see hac); and herbicide reviews, 106, 115, 117, 132; inception of, 97; independent investigation into herbicide program called for, 100–101, 105, 106–7, 109 fig. 10, 158; and Pfeiffer, 103, 134; “Resolution on Chemical Defoliants,” 147, 198n30; “Settlement of the Vietnam War,” 98–99 aba (American Bar Association), 23 Abrams, Creighton, 132 acda (Arms Control and Disarmament Agency), 123, 139, 142, 151, 156 Advanced Research Projects Agency, 70 afsc (American Friends Service Committee), 122 Agent Blue, 6, 41, 72, 80–81, 116 Agent Green, 71 Agent Orange, 8, 21, 72, 110, 122, 125; accessibility of, 41; components of (see 2,4-d; 2,4,5-t); and dioxin, 6, 8, 105; ecological legacy of, 6, 16, 168; government assurances of safety of, 114, 122, 124; and grassy plants, 116; health legacy of, 5–6, 7 fig. 1, 8–9, 26, 91, 121, 132, 135–36, 170n11, 170n14; incinerated on Johnston Atoll, 157; lawsuit against manufacturers of, 10, 12–13, 194n48; literary works on, 11–13; and populated areas, 124, 125; and public policy, 8–9; and racism, 96; scientific campaign against, 3, 4, 140; suppliers of, 93, 105, 110, 194n48; suspension of, 125; teratogenicity of, 16, 121, 122–23, 130, 131; wartime code name, 10. See also Operation Ranch Hand Agent Orange Act of 1991, 8 Agent Orange on Trial (Schuck), 12–13 Agent Pink, 71 Agent Purple, 72, 73, 77 Agent White, 6 agriculture, 1, 2, 35–36, 45, 169nn1–2 American Chemical Paint Company, 37, 46 American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 24–25 American Relief Administration, 36 anthrax, 150 antiwar activist movement, 19–20, 122, 128, 189n70; and the herbicide controversy , 4, 22, 67, 108; and the Vietnam War, 22, 67, 110 Arendt, Hannah, 19 Army Chemical Warfare Service, 144 arpa (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 76 234 INDEX arsenic, 116 arvn (Army of the Republic of Vietnam), 77–78, 139; and Operation Ranch Hand, 27, 69–70, 72, 73, 85, 174–75n55 Aspin, Les, 199n31 Atomic Energy Commission, 90 Australia, 146 baby-tooth survey, 90–91 Bache, Alexander Dallas, 97 Ball, George, 83 Berlin, Germany, 48 Berlin Wall, 53–54 Bernal, J. D., 91–92 Bigart, Homer, “U.S. Spray Strips Foliage,” 173n32 Biggest War Criminal of Our Time (Committee to Denounce the War Crimes of the U.S. Imperialists and Their Henchmen in South Vietnam), 173n31 biocide, 21, 95, 173n26 bioethics, 136 Biological Weapons Convention, 157 Bionetics Research Laboratories, 126, 132; cover-up, 122–23, 124, 125, 127; and the teratogenic effects of 2,4,5-t, 122–23, 130 Boffey, Philip, 101 Bohlen, Charles (Chip), 118 Boi, Phung Tuu, 6 Botanical Society of America, 136 Bowie, Robert R., 49 Bowles, Chester, 60 Boysen-Jensen, Peter, 34 bpi (Bureau of Plant Industry), 39 Britain, 20, 63, 92, 152; interwar pamphlet, 145 fig. 16 Brown, James W., 59, 60, 75; and herbicide operations, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76 bti (Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research), 35–36, 37, 41 Buddhists, 78, 79, 81, 128 Bundy, McGeorge, 64, 123, 200n45 Bundy, William P., 54, 62, 70, 96 Bunker, Ellsworth, 117, 126, 127, 128, 132 Burchett, Wilfred, The Furtive War, 188n32; “South Vietnam: War against the Trees,” 95 Bush, Vannevar, 92 Califano, Joseph, 102; The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, 189n60 Carson, Rachel, 94, 95, 105, 153, 190n76; critique of U.S. politics, science and weaponry, 92–93, 98; and nationalism, 103–4, 161. See also Silent Spring Castro, Fidel, 53 cbw (chemical and biological weapons) 123, 142, 146, 161; and antiwar activism , 110, 122, 189n70; flier protesting, 149 fig. 17; and Nixon, 138, 139–40, 148–49; research on, 97, 108, 139, 148, 190n94; U.S. efforts to ban after World War I, 144, 145 fig. 16 cdtc (U.S./Government of South Vietnam Combat and Development Test Center), 59, 61, 64, 71 Cecil, Paul Fredrick, Herbicidal Warfare, 11–12 China, 99, 136, 139, 192n7 Chomsky, Noam, 26, 27 cia (Central Intelligence Agency), 53, 110 cincpac (U.S. Pacific Command), 63, 73 Clary, James, 8 Clausewitz, Karl von, On War, 30 climate genocide, 28. See also ecological apocalypse cni (Committee for Nuclear Information), 90–91 INDEX 235 Coghill, Milo B., 76 cold war, 30, 56, 144, 159...