Making the San Fernando Valley: Rural Landscapes, Urban Development, and White Privilege

Notes

271 notes introduction 1. Lifetime Savings and Loan Association, Brochure for Porter Ranch Master Plan, July 1965, San Fernando Valley Historical Society City Box Collection, repository l77.17, San Fernando Valley Issues Digital Library, California State University Northridge. 2. Ibid. 3. Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis; Williams, Country and the City. 4. Roderick, San Fernando Valley, i. 5. Ibid., v. 6. Abbott, Metropolitan Frontier; Nash, American West in the Twentieth Century; Nash, American West Transformed. 7. In Sacramento, California, for example, landowners hired Morton McCarver, an experienced town-site developer from Iowa, to design the urban plans; Portland and Seattle are also well-known examples of this trend. See Reps, Forgotten Frontier. And in New Mexico, as Maria Montoya observes, a former Dutch colonial administrator was brought in to manage and implement the Maxwell land grant because of the widespread reputation among Americans that the Dutch were excellent colonial administrators. Montoya, Translating Property, 126–31. 8. Reps, Forgotten Frontier, 61. 9. Abbott, Metropolitan Frontier. 10. Ibid.; Nash, American West Transformed. 11. Winant, World Is a Ghetto, 21. 12. Ibid., 1, 21, emphasis in original. 13. Shaw, Cities of Whiteness, 31–32. 14. Montoya, Translating Property, 8. 15. Ibid., 8–9. 16. Ibid., 8. 17. For the impact of the U.S. Land Commission in California, see Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines, esp. chap. 1; Pitt, Decline of the Californios. For the Homestead Act, see White, It’s Your Misfortune, esp. 143–48. 18. For the history of alien land laws, see R. Daniels, Asian America, 138–45; for restrictive covenants, see Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 17–59. 19. Harris, “Whiteness as Property.” 20. Brace, Politics of Property, 210. 272 • notes to introduction 21. Razack, Race, Space, and the Law, 2–3; see also Blomley, “Law, Property, and the Geography of Violence”; Limerick, Legacy of Conquest. 22. Knobloch, Culture of Wilderness, 2. 23. The legacy of such ideologies throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was a primary concern for the emergent field of American studies in the mid-twentieth century; for a review and analysis of the treatment of rural and pastoral themes in American literature, see Smith, Virgin Land, and Marx, Machine in the Garden. For more recent studies of the endurance of the frontier myth in American popular culture, see Mann, “Why Does Country Music Sound White?” 24. Blomley, “Law, Property, and the Geography of Violence.” 25. Turner, Frontier in American History, 2. 26. Knobloch, Culture of Wilderness, 149. 27. McWilliams, Southern California, 70. 28. For critical historical perspectives on the indigenous experience of the Spanish missions, see Haas, Conquests and Historical Identities; Hurtado, Intimate Frontiers. For a discussion of how these processes affected California Indians in the Mission San Fernando, see Jorgensen, “Chiniginich Is Very Angry,” 30–36. 29. The literature on the Spanish fantasy past is rich and extensive. See Deverell, Whitewashed Adobe; DeLyser, Ramona Memories; Kropp, California Vieja; Rawls, “California Mission.” 30. De Oliver, “Historical Preservation and Identity”; Montgomery, “Trap of Race and Memory”; Wilson, Myth of Santa Fe. 31. McWilliams, Southern California, 71. 32. Delaney, “Space That Race Makes,” 7. 33. Anderson, “Idea of Chinatown”; Delaney, “Space That Race Makes”; Gilmore, “Fatal Couplings”; Schein, Landscape and Race. 34. Omi and Winant, Racial Formation, 84. 35. Ibid., 83. 36. Schein, “Place of Landscape”; Saito, Politics of Exclusion, esp. 8–9. 37. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape, 13, 14. 38. Massey, “Geographies of Responsibility”; Barraclough, “South Central Farmers.” 39. Delaney, “Space That Race Makes,” 13. 40. Morrison, Playing in the Dark; Duncan and Duncan, “Aestheticization”; Duncan and Duncan, Landscapes of Privilege; Hoelscher, “White-Pillared Past”; Kobayashi and Peake, “Racism Out of Place”; Schein, Landscape and Race. 41. Duncan and Duncan, Landscapes of Privilege, 3. 42. Ibid., 25; see also Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape; S. Daniels, Fields of Vision. 43. Mitchell, Cultural Geography, chap. 4. 44. Anderson, “Idea of Chinatown”; Mitchell, Lie of the Land; Samuels, “Biography of Landscape.” 45. Baker and Biger, Ideology and Landscape. notes to introduction and chapter one • 273 46. Howard Winant, “Behind Blue Eyes,” 75. 47. Crenshaw, “Color-Blindness, History, and the Law”; Lipsitz, Possessive Investment in Whiteness, chap. 2. chapter one Creating Whiteness through Gentleman Farming 1. Knobloch, Culture of Wilderness, 3. 2. Ibid., 5. 3.See esp.Hurtado, “Customs of theCountry:MixedMarriageinMexican California,” in his book Intimate Frontiers, 21–44; Camarillo, Chicanos in a Changing Society; Haas, Conquests and Historical Identities. 4. Camarillo, Chicanos in a Changing...