America and the Americas: The United States in the Western Hemisphere

Notes

297 Notes 1. The Revolutionary Age 1. Qtd. in Lester D. Langley, The Americas in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850 (New Haven, Conn., 1996), 37. 2. John Herd Thompson and Stephen J. Randall, Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies, 4th ed. (Athens, Ga., 2008), 9–12. 3. Andrew Shaughnessy, An Empire Divided: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean (Philadelphia, 2000), 213–14, 220–21, 230–31, 241–48. 4. Arthur Whitaker, The Spanish-American Frontier, 1783–1795: The Westward Movement and the Spanish Retreat in the Mississippi Valley (Lincoln, Neb., 1927), 13; Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (New York, 1965), 321–22, 419–20. 5. François Furstenberg, “The Significance of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History,” American Historical Review 113 (June 2008): 647–77. 6. Qtd. in Arthur P. Whitaker, The Mississippi Question, 1795–1803: A Study in Trade, Politics and Diplomacy (Washington, D.C., 1934), 34–35. 7. Ibid., 155–58. 8. Qtd. in Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana (New York, 1976), 100. 9. Qtd. in Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1968), 381. Albert Gallatin, a representative from Pennsylvania and early abolitionist, put the case against Haitian independence succinctly: “No more would be more unwilling than I to constitute a whole nation of freed slaves . . . and thus to throw so many wild tigers on society” (qtd. in Gordon S. Brown, Toussaint’s Clause: The Founding Fathers and the Haitian Revolution [Jackson, Miss., 2005], 141). 10. Archivo de General Miranda, 1750–1810, 15 vols. (Caracas, 1929), 15: 207. 11. In January 1811, lower Louisiana experienced a slave revolt so frightening to white residents of New Orleans that in retaliation authorities placed the decapitated heads of executed leaders on poles. A chronicler of the revolt explained: “The people of this territory wished, by this terrible warning, to protect against the repetition of the horrors of the revolt in Santo Domingo” (qtd. in Robert L. Paquette, “Revolutionary Saint Domingue in the Making 298 notes to pages 17–23 of Territorial Louisiana,” in A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean, ed. David Barry Gaspar and David Patrick Geggus (Bloomington, Ind., 1997), 219. 12. Qtd. in Furstenberg, “ Significance of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier,” 671. Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 2004). See also Dubois’s companion volume, A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787–1804 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004); and David Patrick Geggus and Norman Fiering, eds., The World of the Haitian Revolution (Bloomington, Ind., 2009). 13. Arthur P. Whitaker, The Western Hemisphere Idea: Its Rise and Decline (Ithaca, N.Y., 1954), 28–29. 14. Karen Racine, Francisco de Miranda: A Transatlantic Life in the Age of Revolution (Wilmington, Del., 2003), 141–72. 15. Harry Bernstein, “Las primeras relaciones intelectuales entre New England y el mundo hispánico (1700–1815),” Revista Hispánica Moderna 5 (1938): 8. 16. On the role of popular groups see Eric Van Young, The Other Rebellion: Popular Violence, Ideology, and the Mexican Struggle for Independence, 1810– 1821 (Palo Alto, Calif., 2001). 17. Peggy Liss, Atlantic Empires: The Network of Trade and Revolution, 1713–1826 (Baltimore, 1983), 229, contends that the American and Latin American revolutions represented similar “outgrowths of internal expansion and changing attitudes, international struggles, shifting international economic arrangements , and new outlooks on colonies by the metropolis and the other way around.” 18. Arthur P. Whitaker, The United States and the Independence of Latin America, 1800–1830 (New York, 1964; orig. pub., 1941), 94–99. 19. Thompson and Randall, Canada and the United States, 19–23. 20. Qtd in Whitaker, United States and the Independence, 126. In the first few years after the exile of Napoleon, thousands of veterans of the armies that had battled for more than two decades commenced a transatlantic migration to the Americas. Some became recruits into Bolívar’s reconstituted army for the liberation of northern South America. Others found their way into New Orleans or Saint Louis, where they joined a generation of slaveholding émigr és from Haiti. Among this human invasion into the Gulf Coast states were 30,000 Bonapartists, who settled on a 90,000-acre tract of west Alabama land the U.S. Congress seized from the Creek Indian nation. See Rafe Blauford, Bonapartists in the Borderlands: French Exiles and Refugees on the Gulf Coast, 1815...