Christian Ritual and the Creation of British Slave Societies, 1650–1780

Index

213 Page numbers in italics refer to maps and photos. Act for the governing of Negroes of 1688 (Barbados), 42, 157n96 Act of Toleration of 1689 (England), 86 Act of Uniformity of 1662 (England), 21, 169n110 African American churches, 36, 108, 139–41. See also Baptist Church; evangelicalism African Methodist Church (Charleston, S.C.), 139 Africans (British plantation colonies): degree of autonomy of, 18; differences from, in Virginia, 17–18, 148n33; issues in constructing identity of, 73–74; as majority, 8; as proportion of enslaved, 188n23; religious/cultural practices of, 43, 44, 45, 53, 111–14, 133–34, 142, 181n18. See also Creole slaves; free people of color; people of color; slaves agricultural cycles, 37–38, 154n61 All Saints’ Day, 39, 48 altarpieces, 104–5 American religious historiography. See historiography of American religion Anglicanism. See Church of England Antigua: mortuary rituals in, 114, 121, 129; slave rebellions, 44, 45, 47, 106 Antiguan conspiracy (1736), 44, 47, 106 Index Ashley River Baptist Church (Charleston, S.C.), 93, 95, 101, 176n36 “Atlantic frame” of analysis, 15, 17–19 Bahamas, 65, 71 baptism: Anglican clergy monopoly on, 71, 169n98; and baptismal fonts, 68, 167–68nn76–77; demand for, 65, 166nn51–52; of English royalty, 164n33; fees for, 66–67, 71, 76, 171n124; of free people of color, 63–64, 69–70, 74, 78–82, 170n115, 171n138, 172n144, 173n157; and godparents , 70–71, 72, 168n92, 169n101, 169n103; legal privileges gained through, 78; legitimating power of, 11, 54, 77, 78–79, 80–83; location of, 66–67, 68–70, 167n60, 167n62, 168n79; and Quakers, 65, 66, 68, 166n57; recording of, 72–73, 169n109, 169–70n110, 170n115; as requirement for marriage, 63, 78; ritual variations on, 66, 74, 166n55, 166n58; role of, in creating American systems of race, 65; of slaves, 70, 74–77, 80–82, 170nn119–21, 170–71n123, 171n130, 171n132, 171n135, 172nn150–51; as social event, 67–68, 167n69 Baptist Church: baptism in, 66, 166n55; the Eucharist in, 93, 94, 95, 101, 176n36, 176n43. See also black churches; evangelicalism 214 index Barbados: ban of, on church courts, 56, 162n10; baptism in, 65, 66, 71, 75, 78–79; church attendance/seating in, 23–24, 33, 143, 154n56; Church of England in, 143; the Eucharist in, 91–92; marriage in, 56–57, 58, 59, 60, 163n22; minor holy days in, 47; mortuary rituals in, 120, 125–27; office holding and transubstantiation oaths in, 87, 173n8; parishes of, 4, 5; political notices during Sunday worship in, 42; religiosity/irreligiosity of, 14; Sabbatarian laws in, 40, 42–43, 44; slave owner absenteeism in, 148n31; slave population of, 109–10, 188n23; slave rebellions in, 8, 10; state holidays in, 49; transition to slave society of, 17. See also British plantation colonies Beaver Creek, S.C., 77 Bermuda, 62, 65, 73, 170n119 bishops (Church of England), 2–3, 56, 106, 141, 162n10. See also Church of England; laity vs. clergy balance of power black churches, 36, 108, 139–41. See also Baptist Church; evangelicalism Black Majority (Wood), 15 Book of Common Prayer: on burial of unbaptized, 117; on the Eucharist, 91, 93; on liturgical year, 21, 48; on marriage , 55–56, 161n8; plantation colonies ’ use of, 2, 14; on Thanksgiving of Women after Child-birth, 73 Brick Church. See St. James’s Santee Parish Bridenbaugh, Carl and Roberta, 15 British Caribbean, 141. See also British plantation colonies British cultural identity: Anglicanism as key to, 2, 10–12, 48, 52, 147n16; challenges in plantation colonies to, 1, 6, 8; and Creole whites, 1, 6; and English royalty, 115, 129–30, 164n33; and ethnic-patronal holidays, 51, 160n135; and naturalization, 89, 175n23; and state holidays, 48, 52; supercession of place and maintenance of, 21, 51. See also white anxiety British plantation colonies: American Revolution disruption of, 141; common religious culture among, 2, 20; comparison of, with New England, 3, 14–16; comparison of, with Virginia, 16–18, 110, 148nn32–33, 148n37; defined, 145n1; historiography on religiosity /irreligiosity of, 13–14, 18, 26, 46, 83, 84, 90, 148n37; as pathological societies, 15; reliance on slave labor in, 8; scholarship on religion in, 18; as unit for historical analysis, 2, 19–20, 143. See also Barbados; Jamaica; South Carolina burial. See mortuary rituals calendar cycles: agricultural cycles, 37–38, 154n61; disease cycles, 38; liturgical year, 21, 37, 39, 48–49, 52, 154n62; meteorological cycles, 36–37 Carolina. See South Carolina catechetical instruction, 32, 45, 63, 64, 76, 82, 94 Chesapeake, the, 6, 16–19, 110, 147nn32– 33, 148n37, 153n50, 154n53 childbirth, 64, 73 Christ...