Christian Ritual and the Creation of British Slave Societies, 1650–1780

Notes

145 notes abbreviations ba Barbados Archives, Black Rock, Barbados bmhs Shilstone Library, Barbados Museum and Historical Society, Barbados ccpl Charleston County Public Library, Charleston, South Carolina ja Jamaica Archives, Spanish Town, Jamaica nlj National Library of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica scdah South Carolina Division of Archives and History, Columbia, South Carolina schs South Carolina Historical Society, Charleston, South Carolina scl South Caroliniana Library, Columbia, South Carolina Where necessary, dates have been modernized, to make the year begin on January 1. Chapter 1. Christian ritual in British slave societies 1. For the founding of Barbados, see Harlow, History of Barbados, and Gragg, Englishmen Transplanted. Greene, Imperatives, Behaviors, and Identities, 73; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 111–16; but see Roper, Conceiving Carolina, for a caution on ascribing too much to Barbadian influence in Carolina. “British plantation colonies” in this book refers to Barbados, Jamaica, and South Carolina. A broader set of plantation colonies would include the Leeward Islands, the Chesapeake, and others. 2. See Berlin, Many Thousands Gone, 8–11, quotation at 9. Indians were present as well, as powerful independent groups in Carolina and as slaves early in the history of all three colonies. While the interaction of Native Americans and Europeans is essential to understanding the development of South Carolina, that is not the case for Barbados and Jamaica, and indeed religion was hardly a meaningful point of contact between the two groups in Carolina. Those factors and the comparative goals of this project produce here a focus on slave societies made up of Africans, Europeans, and their descendents. 3. On colonial Anglicanism generally, see Woolverton, Colonial Anglicanism in North America; James B. Bell, Imperial Origins; Doll, Revolution, Religion, and National Identity; Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre. 4. On Jamaica, see S. A. G. Taylor, Western Design; Pestana, English Atlantic, 93–110; 146 notes to chapter one Kupperman, “Errand to the Indies”; Beasley, “Wars of Religion.” On South Carolina, see Edgar, South Carolina, 43; Weir, Colonial South Carolina, 57. For the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, see Wootton, John Locke, 210–32. A wider collection of early material related to Locke and Shaftsbury can be found in The South Carolina Historical Society’s edition of The Shaftsbury Papers. See Collinson, Religion of Protestants; Davies, Caroline Captivity of the Church; Fincham, Early Stuart Church; Russell, Causes; Morrill, Revolt of the Provinces; Parry, Arts of the Anglican Counter-Reformation. 5. Woolverton, Colonial Anglicanism, 223, quotation from a letter to Thomas Sherlock, May 27, 1750. The clash between Whig and Tory and high and low churchmen reached an apex in the reign of Queen Anne, 1702–14. On colonial resistance to episcopacy, see Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre; Cross, Anglican Episcopate, 88–112; Woolverton, Colonial Anglicanism, 220–25; Butler, Awash, 197–200. The most recent and sophisticated entry into this literature is Doll, Revolution, Religion, and National Identity. 6. On the preponderance of males in emigration to the plantation colonies, see Games, Migration; Weir, Colonial South Carolina, 206–7. 7. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 83. But see Menard, Sweet Negotiations, for questions about the nature and pace of the conversion to sugar production. A useful introduction to the economic development of the plantation colonies in a comparative perspective is found in Eltis, Rise of African Slavery, 193–223. 8. Greene, Pursuits of Happiness, 160, 147; Olwell, Masters, Slaves, and Subjects, 33– 36; Alice Hanson Jones, Wealth of a Nation, 377–80; Burnard, “Prodigious Riches.” For a helpful comparison of elite experience in the British American colonies, see “Toward a History of Elites in the Eighteenth-Century British Empire,” in Burnard, Creole Gentlemen, 237–64. 9. See chap. 2 on the liturgical year as one remedy to climatic and seasonal difference . A helpful analysis of white colonists’ reflection on the relationship between troubling landscapes and slavery can be found in Edelson, “Nature of Slavery.” 10. See Sypher, “West Indian as a Character”; Greene, “Liberty, Slavery, and the Transformation.” 11. Burnhard, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire, 16–18; Peter H. Wood, Black Majority, 218–21; Greene and Pole, Colonial British America, 138. 12. Edgar, South Carolina, 54; Weir, Colonial South Carolina, 208–9; Pares, War and Trade, 229. The Carolina legislature also attempted to require the retention of one white male servant for each ten slaves. Weir, Colonial South Carolina, 208. 13. Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution, 35–36; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 259–62; Mark M. Smith, Stono; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 257–58. Major plots were uncovered in 1675 and 1692, though confessions obtained by torture and probable...