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[ 349 ] NOTES 1. fire in tHe nigHt sky 1. Jean McMahon Humez, Harriet Tubman, The Life and the Life Stories (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 175–177. 2. Kate Clifford Larson, Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman: Portrait of an American Hero (New York: One World Books/Random House, 2004), 41. Tubman ’s name was Araminta Harriet Ross until she married John Tubman in the 1840s. 3. T. G. Onstot, Pioneers of Menard and Mason Counties (Peoria, Ill.: J. W. Franks and Sons, 1902), 25. 4. Walt Whitman, Specimen Days and Collect (Philadelphia: David McKay, 1883), 336; Donald W. Olson and Laurie G. Jasinski, “Abe Lincoln and the Leonoids,” Sky and Telescope Magazine (November 1999): 34–35. 5. Garrett Putman Serviss, Curiosities of the Sky: A Popular Presentation of the Great Riddles and Mysteries of Astronomy (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1909), 186. 6. Joseph Bates,The Autobiography of Elder Joseph Bates (Battle Creek, Mich.: Steam Press, 1868), 239. 7. Friends’ Intelligencer, November 24, 1877. 8. Bates, The Autobiography of Elder Joseph Bates, 241. The meteors were part of the Leonid stream of meteors seen each year in November. The showers occurred with the greatest intensity in 1799, 1833, and 1866. 9. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (Auburn, N.Y.: Miller, Orton and Mulligan, 1855), 186. 10. Mark Littmann, The Heavens on Fire: The Great Leonid Meteor Storms (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 8. 11. Portland Evening Advertiser, November 26, 1833. 12. Richmond Enquirer, November 19, 1833; Littman, The Heavens on Fire, 7. 13. Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts (New York: International Publishers Company, 1983), 296–297. 14. Niles Weekly Register, December 31, 1831.The state of Georgia offered five thousand dollars for the arrest and conviction of anyone circulating Garrison’s Liberator. 15. Report of the Arguments of Counsel in the Case of Prudence Crandall before the Supreme Court of Errors (Boston: Garrison and Knapp, 1834), 22. 16. Andrew T. Judson’s Remarks to the Jury on the Trial of the Case, State v. P. Crandall , Superior Court, Oct. Term 1833, Windham County, Ct. (Hartford, Conn.: John Russell, 1833), 22. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 19. Richard Hildreth, The White Slave, Another Picture of Slave Life in America [ 350 ] Notes to Chapter 1 (London: George Routledge, 1852), 144. Hildreth reported rather than editorialized; he sympathized with the abolitionist movement. 20. Prudence Crandall, letter to Simeon S. Jocelyn, April 17, 1833, Prudence Crandall Collection, Charles E. Shain Library, Connecticut College. 21. William Lloyd Garrison, Helen Eliza Garrison, A Memorial (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1876), 20. 22. Ibid. 23. The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that all persons born in the United States are U.S. citizens; prohibits states from limiting the privileges or immunities of any citizen or denying life, liberty, or property without due process of law; and guarantees all citizens equal protection under the law. The Fifteenth Amendment guarantees the right of all citizens to vote, regardless of race. 24. Wendell Phillips Garrison, “Connecticut in the Middle Ages,” Century Magazine 30, no. 5 (September 1885): 780. The article includes an extract of a letter from Crandall to Ellen Larned, May 15, 1869, where Crandall wrote that she was “taught from early childhood the sin of slavery.” 25. George H. Moore, Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts (New York: D. Appleton, 1866), 75. 26. Scott J. Hammond, Kevin R. Hardwick, and Howard Leslie Lubert, eds.,Classics of American Political and Constitutional Thought, vol. 2, Origins Through the Civil War (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2007), 17, 18. 27. L. H. Butterfield, ed., The Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, vol. 1 (Cambridge , Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962), 257. 28. Robert Hume, Christopher Columbus and the European Discovery of America (Leominster, U.K.: Gracewing, 1992), 117. 29. Junius P. Rodriguez, Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2007), 450, 451. 30. John Adams to Robert Evans, June 8, 1819, Selected Writings of John and John Quincy Adams, ed. Adrienne Koch (New York: Knopf, 1946), 209–210. 31. GeorgeWashington to Robert Morris, April 12, 1786.GeorgeWashington: A Collection , ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1989), 319. 32. Benjamin Franklin, Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (New York: Library of America, 1987), 1154. 33. William Jay,The Life of John Jay: With Selections from His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers, vol. 2 (New York: J. and J. Harper, 1833), 181...