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Notes Introduction 1. Robert H. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997); Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colaization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994);Elizabeth A. Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism 1945-1960 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994). 2. Michael Kammen, "Culture and the State in America," Journal of American History, 83, no. 3 (Dec. 1996), p. 801. 3. Henry R. Luce, The American Century (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1941), pp. 22-37. 4. Serge Guibault, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Jane DeHart Mathews, "Art and Politics in Cold War America," American Historical Review, 81, no. 4 (Oct. 1976),pp. 762-787. 5. Penny Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism 1937-1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997),pp. 122-124. Prologue 1. Nicolas Nabokov, Baga'zh: Memoirs of a Russian Cosmopolitan (New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 243. For a description of the festival, see Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congressfor Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp. 45-57. 2. Eva Cockcroft, "Abstract Expressionism: Weapon of the Cold War," Artforum , 12 (June 1974), pp. 39-41; Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art. Eisenhower's Fund 1. The Bureau of Educational and Historical and Cultural Affairs Historical Collection, Special Collections Division, University of Arkansas Libraries, Fayetteville. As a great deal of primary material comes from this source, notes will only be used when the reference is from other libraries and archives. When material from this collection does requires an endnote, the acronym ABECA will be used. The collection was recently reorganized, and a finding aid created. Material can be located by identifying the broad category to which it belongs. 2. In the June 1955 "Hearings Before the Subcommittees of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives," there were two different sets of figures given regarding cultural expenditures by the Soviets. O n page 382 of the Congressional Record the following figures were given: $150 million for cultural propaganda in France alone, with 2,000 artists touring there. During those same hearings, on page 412, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. told the Committee : "The French Cultural Minister told me in Paris last year that over 1,000 artists from behind the Iron Curtain had come to France in the past two years." 3. The papers of C.D. Jackson are housed at the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas. The finding aid, Historical Materials in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, gives Jackson's biography as follows: "Jackson, C.D., Executive, Time Incorporated, 1931-1 964; President, Council for Democracy, 1940; Deputy Chief, Psychological Warfare Branch, Allied Forces Headquarters, 1943; Deputy Chief, Psychological Warfare Division, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, 1944-1945; President, Free Europe Committee, 1951-1952; Speechwriter for Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1952; Special Assistant to the President for International Affairs, 1952" (p. 22). There is also a discussion of Jackson in Cary Reich's The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller (New York: Doubleday, 1996): "In Eisenhower, Jackson saw a leader 'who grasps the concept of political warfare'; for him it was a way of maintaining power and victory without military fighting. When Rockefeller took Jackson's place as special advisor he took the same position" (p. 553). 4. These comments were made during the "Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Eighty-Fourth Congress," First Session, 16 Feb. 1955. 5. Martin Walker, The Cold War,A History (New York: Holt, 1993), p. 95. 6. Ibid., p. 96. 7. William K. Klingaman, Encyclopedia of the McCarthy Era (New York: Facts on File, 1996),pp. 434-435. David Halberstam, in The Fifties (New York: Villard Books, 1993), reproduces a slightly different version of McCarthy's speech (p. 50). In Halberstam's version McCarthy talks about a "list of 205 people known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party." Klingaman notes that "there is still controversy over the precise text of the speech as delivered" (p. 434). He prints the version entered in the Congressional Record. 8. Joseph W. Alsop, "I've Seen the Best of It" (New York: Norton, 1992), p. 355. 9...