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Notes Introduction 1. Jane Hill, personal communication, February 12, 2003. 2. This assessment, made by al-Laythı̄ (1952, 34), was quoted by Danielson (1997, 162–63). 3. Like Baty, I use the verb “remember” in order to transcend generic divisions often separating the written from the oral, the textual from the graphic, the aural from the visual, the formal from the informal, and the fictional from the factual (1995, 40). 4. The Arabic term “naksah” refers to a period of illness after a recovery from an earlier one. The government translator charged with finding an English euphemism for the defeat rejected the logical option “relapse.” He was concerned that foreigners would not understand that the initial sickness was the prerevolutionary period, and that the recovery had taken place from 1952 to 1967. He settled on the word “setback ,” which has since become the standard translation (Moftah 2002). English publications refer to the conflict itself as the Six-Day War, while Arabic publications refer to the June War. 5. Discussing a recent example of such a response to crisis, Don McLeese observed that Hurricane Katrina “jolted artists out of their comfort zones and complacency , spurring many to new peaks of creativity and productivity” (2008, 213). 6. As outlined clearly by Danielson (1997), these groups of songs include the romantic works of Ah .mad Rāmı̄ and Muh .ammad al-Qas .abjı̄ in the late 1920s and 1930s, the populist songs of Bayram al-Tūnisı̄ and Zakariyā Ah .mad and the neoclassical qas .ı̄dahs of Riyād . al-Sunbāt .ı̄ in the 1940s, and the patriotic songs of the 1950s. 7. Biographies published during the past two decades have treated both contemporary political figures and historical cultural figures (Wallach and Wallach 1997; Hunsberger 2000). Factors cited as working against the production and criticism of auto/biography in the region have included the absence of historicism, the emphasis on the well-being of the community over that of the individual and individualism, and the viewing of non-Western autobiographies as imitations of Western ones (Zonis 1991, 62–63; Golley 2003, 56). However, as Fay has argued, the Arab under- standing of history and historiography as biography challenges Eurocentric claims that the autonomous individual or subject, as the product of Western humanism and the Enlightenment, was unavailable to the region (2001a, 2). 8. This achieved celebrity stands in contrast to both ascribed celebrity accorded by a famous family name and the attributed celebrity stemming from concentrated media attention (Rojek 2001, 17–18). 9. While Dyer developed his taxonomy of media texts in the area of film studies, it has been applied to music by Mäkelä (2004, 20–21) and Frontani (2007, 3–5). 10. It is rather unusual for an artist to obtain such wide-ranging control over her media texts. A comparable example is Charlie Chaplin, who gained not only a high degree of control over the production and distribution of his films but also of promotional texts. The rise and fall of his career, including the rise and fall of his control over his star image, is thoroughly explored by Maland (1989). 11. For example, aristocratic English women in the seventeenth century were expected to lead lives centered on motherhood and family, and their autobiographies reflect this private focus (Pomerleau 1980, 27–28). 12. When Baker performed in France during World War II, she abandoned her banana G-string for evening gowns and was seen as a godmother to soldiers (Regester 2000, 46–47). Elvis’s postwar phase has been neglected by biographers in preference to his early and Vegas years (Doll 1998, 32–33, 40, 180). Although Lennon used his new househusband image to question masculinist myths of rock music culture and to set up the private sphere as an ultimate site of “truth,” his death left this project unfinished and his reception as a heroic martyr left it forgotten (Mäkelä 2004, 206, 210). 1. “A New Umm Kulthūm” 1. The events outlined here have been documented in detail by Oren (2002, 1– 169). 2. This overconfidence is discussed by Oren (2002, 84, 92, 97). False optimism turned into actual deception after the war’s outbreak. Egyptian and other Arab newspapers boasted that Egyptian forces had downed dozens and even hundreds of Israeli planes (al-‘Alam [Rabat], June 5, 1967, special edition, 1; al-T .āwı̄l 1967; “Farh .at” 1967; Oren 2002, 177–78). 3. Riyād . al-S .unbāt...

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