Notes
Notes introduction 1. as i call attention more often to the publication of works in illustrated serials, and less often their publication in unillustrated first-book editions, the dates i give for novels’ publication will sometimes differ from the dates other readers give. 2. The proliferation and visualization of late-Victorian and early twentieth-century serials has been well documented, beginning with the work of Frank luther mott and continuing with the studies of david reed, richard Ohmann (cited in my coda below), and many others. 3. While many of James’s short fictions of the 1880s and ’90s appeared in periodicals with visual illustrations, the only illustrated works listed among his full-length novels are Washington Square and The Turn of the Screw. James, of course, reissued a definitive edition of most of his novels called the new york edition, which included frontispieces by the photographer alvin langdon coburn, discussed below. scholarly work on James and the visual arts commenced with Virginia Hopkins Winner; continued in such studies as adeline tintner’s several books on the subject; and recently flourished in Kendall Johnson’s Henry James and the Visual, among other works, and amy tucker’s The Illustration of the Master: Henry James and the Magazine Revolution . see especially Wendy Graham, edward l. schwarzschild, charles Johanningsmeier , “How real americans experienced ‘The real Thing,’” susan Bazargan, and amanda sigler. see also sonstegard, “‘singularly like a bad illustration’” and “‘merely a Pictorial subject.’” 4. The novel also appeared, almost simultaneously, in Harper’s Monthly in america. First book editions first appeared with, and without, the illustrations on both sides of the atlantic, as if the story anticipates readers who will receive it with, and without, visual aids. For an in-depth reading of these illustrations, which pursues critical ends other than my own, see michele mendelssohn’s Henry James, Oscar Wilde, and Aesthetic Culture. 5. For studies of american authors in relation to the visual arts, see Orlando, 200 notes to Pages 23–31 Edith Wharton and the Visual Arts; loizeaux; robillard; Gollin and idol; sten; and sill and tarbell. 6. edward l. Burlingame letter to Wharton, may 1, 1907. i hereby quote correspondence from the archives of charles scribner’s sons; department of rare Books and special collections, manuscript division; Firestone memorial library; Princeton university library; Princeton, nJ. Quotations from edith Wharton’s letters to these editors come from subseries 3a, Box 167, Folders 3 and 4. William c. Brownell’s letter books come from subseries 15a, Volumes 9 and 10; edward l Burlingame’s letter books from subseries 15B, Volumes 22 and 23; and charles scribner [sr.’s] letter books from subseries 15F, Volumes 24, 25, and 26. 7. For pioneering critical work on the idea of a periodical paratext, upon which my own work builds, see Gerard Genette, Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. among the realist and naturalist authors most deserving of analysis that accounts for the prose as well as the pictorial presentation are George Washington cable, Joel chandler Harris (discussed in chapter 2), charles chesnutt, and sarah Orne Jewett, among others. to date, Beverly r. david’s “Visions of the south: Joel chandler Harris and His illustrators” is the most direct treatment of visual art as accompaniment to Harris’s renderings of african american folklore. For further work on racial stereotype and “trickster” motifs in Harris’s folklore and fictions of the period, see cochran, tucker, and Keenan. especially noteworthy in examining visual illustrations of chesnutt ’s work, including clyde O. deland’s illustrations for The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories (1899) are Johanningsmeier, “What We can learn”; and Fleischman. i would like to thank my colleague James J. marino for suggesting the term “rival realisms.” chapter 1 1. to avoid any confusion, please note that all subsequent in-text references to twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn refer to the third edition of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: An Authoritative Text, Contexts and Sources, Criticism, published in 1999 and edited by Thomas cooley. 2. The Oxford English Dictionary records that “adventure” gained several new denotations during the period 1865–1905. retaining the senses of “chance of danger or loss; risk, jeopardy, peril” and “hazard or perilous enterprise or performance; hence a prodigy, a marvel,” the word began to mean (according to the “draft additions January 2002”), “designating or relating to any of various related genres of fiction or drama which depict an episodic series of hazardous or exciting situations, daring actions , etc.” (“adventure”). When he...
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