Escaping Hitler: A Jewish Haven in Chile

Notes

notes chapter 1 1. deborah dwork and robert Jan van pelt, Flight from the Reich (new york: norton, 2009), 260. ordinary mail service between nazi Europe and neutral countries was possible until the end of 1942. after that, red cross letters of up to twenty-five words became the method of communication. 2. Gedenkbuch: Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der Nationalsozialistischen Gevaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945 (Koblens, germany: Bundesarchiv, 1986), 1:582, 587. also in Wolfgang scheffler and diana schulle, eds., Buch der Erinnerung. Die ins Baltikumdeportierten Deutschen, Österreichschen und Tschechoslovakischen Juden (munich, germany: saur, 2003). 3. gisela möllenhoff and rita schautmann-overmeyer, Jüdische Familien in Münster 1918–1945 (münster, germany: Wesfälisches dampfboot, 2001), 841. also in susanne Freund, Franz-Josef Jakobi, and peter Johanek, Historisches Handbuch der Jüdischen Gemeindschaften in Westfallen und Lippe (münster, germany: ardey-verlag 2008), 668. 4. Willi Feld, Eine Dokumentation—Die Juden in der Geschichte der Ehemaligen Stadt Burgsteinfurt, teil 3 (Berlin, germany: lit verlag, 2008), 108. 5. möllenhoff and schautmann-overmeyer, Jüdische Familien, 841. 6. ibid., 842. 7. ibid., 843. 8. ibid., 845–46. see also angrej angrick and peter Klein, The “Final Solution” in Riga (new york: Berghahn Books, 2009), 206. 9. möllenhoff and schautmann-overmeyer, Jüdische Familien, 846; also angrick and Klein, “Final Solution,” 213–14. 10. möllenhoff and schautmann-overmeyer, Jüdische Familien, 847. 11. ibid., 847–48. 12. angrick and Klein, “Final Solution,” 255. also see möllenhoff and schautmannovermeyer , Jüdische Familien, 848. 13. möllenhoff and schautmann-overmeyer, Jüdische Familien, 848. 14. ibid., 848–49. 15. ibid., 849. 16. ibid., 850–51. 17. ibid., 851. 18. Willi Feld, Lebensbilder. Die Juden in der Geschichte der Ehemaligen Stadt Burgsteinfurt , teil 2 (münster, germany: lit verlag, 2004), 269. Elsbeth appelbaum, a citizen from Burgsteinfurt, told me on my september 2009 visit to the town about the Judenh äuser. also see Freund, Jakobi, and Johanek, Historisches Handbuch, 668. 19. marion Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (new york: oxford university press, 1998), 124–25. 20. otto was my grandfather’s brother. one of his three daughters, lotte, and her husband, gustav Heimann, were able to flee to chile and did very well there. The other two daughters and their parents died in the Holocaust. 21. pitrufquén is in southern chile. all the letters are translated from german by the author. 22. Feld, Eine Dokumentation, 197. Feld’s source is stadtarchiv steinfurt E 2481. 23. marion Kaplan, Dominican Haven (new york: museum of Jewish Heritage, 2008), chap. 1. 24. Feld, Lebensbilder, 269. 25. möllenhoff and schautmann-overmeyer, Jüdische Familien, 853. 26. Theresienstadt concentration camp has been studied extensively. much of the information used here came from norbert troller, Theresienstadt: Hitler’s Gift to the Jews (chapel Hill: university of north carolina press, 1991). also see Walter laqueur, The Holocaust Encyclopedia (new Haven, ct: yale university press, 2001), 631–35, and maria Zelzer, ed., Weg und Schicksal der Stuttgarter Juden (stuttgart, germany: Ernst Klett verlag, 1964), 226–54. 27. Feld, Lebensbilder, 225–26. also Freund, Jakobi, and Johanek, Historisches Handbuch, 669. 28. Feld, Eine Dokumentation, 105. Feld’s source is stadtarchive steinfurt E 2400. 29. Freund, Jakobi, and Johanek, Historisches Handbuch, 665–66. 30. Feld, Lebensbilder, 30. ludwig, the new regent of Burgsteinfurt, opened the park to the public after his father’s death in 1780. 31. one can see photos of the castle and part of the river aa at http://www.steinfurt -touristik.de. 32. Feld, Lebensbilder, 73. 33. ibid. 34. Koppel s. pinson, Modern Germany: Its History and Civilization, 2nd ed. (new york: macmillan, 1966), 313–24; Emil goldschmidt, unpublished autobiography. 35. Emil goldschmidt, from his unpublished memoirs. 36. Edith goldschmidt, Drei Leben: Autographie Einer Deutschen Jüdin (steinfurt, germany: steinfurter schriften, 1992), 9; and Feld, Lebensbilder, 74, 255. 37. pinson, Modern Germany, 321–49. 38. ibid., 313–49. 194 / notes to pages 4–11 39. ibid., 446–47; also in Feld, Lebensbilder, 259. 40. Emil goldschmidt, unpublished memoirs. 41. pinson, Modern Germany, 446–47. 42. Emil goldschmidt, unpublished memoirs. 43. a mocking cry used for centuries when attacking Jews. 44. Emil goldschmidt, unpublished memoirs. 45. Edith goldschmidt, Drei Leben, 23–26. 46. Feld, Lebensbilder, 259. Feld’s source is stadtarchiv steinfurt d 1458. 47.ibid.,262–63.Feld’s source is the newspaperSteinfurter Kreisblatt,January11...