Aymara Indian Perspectives on Development in the Andes

Index

Academy of Aymara Language, 55 Acantholippia deserticola, 108 achachilas (protective spirits), 61, 66, 76, 82, 125 Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves, 140, 167 Agrarian Reform Law of 1962, Chile, 28 agricultural extension services, need for, 220–21 agricultural terraces, 51, 67, 108–11, 113, 115, 120, 122, 124, 199, 202 aji, 15, 103–4 aka pacha, 77 ak”ulli(ceremonialsharingofcocaleaf),62 alax pacha (earth), 77–78 Alero de Anocariri, 126 Alero Las Cuevas, 141 Aleros de Ancocholloani, 142 Alessandri Rodríguez, Jorge, 181, 182 Allende, Salvador, 182 Allison, Marvin J., 39 alpaca, 15, 30, 42, 67; dependence on bofedal plant communities, 69–70, 183; fertility ritual, 68; low-impact grazer, 130 Altiplano, 84, 128–48, 186; atmospheric oxygen pressure, 129; centrality of springs to sys­ tem of reciprocity, 71, 80; connection with coastal desert, 14; desiccation of alluvial pasturelands, 43, 44; dewatering of, 74, 216; environmental constraints on fauna, 134; extreme environmental conditions, 40, 129; limited natural resources, 40; Parque Nacional Lauca, 135–48; rainy season, 71; roads, 43; seasonal villages, 130; solar radiation, 129; summer rains and snowstorms, 129; vegetation, 130–34; volcanic activity, 129. See also bofedales (juq”u) Altiplano pastoralists, 32–33, 40–42, 186; access to valleys of west­ ern Andes and coastal desert, 14; adaptation to extreme cold, 40–41; adaptation to limited water resources, 180, 186; dependence on camelids, 41; ethnographic interview with, 170; excessive erythrocytosis from mining pollutants, 46; lack of employment in Altiplano, 48; lapsed land titles, 174; manIndex Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations 248 / Index agement of bofedales, 70–71, 139; mobility of, 130; and railroads, 42; resiliency strategy, 183; wage-­ labor migration, 43, 139. See also Aymara agropastoralists Amato, John, 4 Ambar, 171 amphibians, 198 ancestor mummies, burning of by missionaries , 79 anchovetas (anchovies), 89 Andean Positive Law on Environment and Indigenous Peoples, 224 Andean water milfoil, 145 Andes, development in, 42–48. See also development Angelini group, 138 animal marking (Uywa K’illpaña ceremony ), 75–76, 80 animal thefts, 169, 196, 204, 206, 215 apachitas, 62–64, 127, 200 Ara, 19 archipelagoes, breaking up of, 19–20 Área Silvestre Protegida, 175 Arica, 4, 85, 90–93; acquisition by Chile, 27; Aymara population in, 34; colonial port for export of silver from Potosi mines, 90; current population of, 92; economic and administrative center of Region XV, 90; industrialization and promotion of as customs-­ free zone, 91; and mercury imports for mining industry, 90; natural outlet to sea for Bolivia, 26; Terminal Agropecuario Asoagro (Aymara market), 92 Arica Chacalluta International Airport, 93 Arica Province (Provincia de Arica), 1, 90 Aronson, James, 88 arsenic, 88, 102, 194 artisans: of Chungara, 145, 205–6, 218; need for support, 214; of Parina­ cota, 143 Asociación Campesina Andina (ACA) (Azapa Valley cooperative), 96 AsociaciónIndígenaUrbanaPachaAru,93 Atacama Desert, 1, 8, 9, 26, 34, 84–90, 86; absolute desert, 87–88; affected by convective ocean fogs, 87; agriculture, 85; among driest regions of world, 85, 87; Arica, 90–93; soils, 88; terminus of trade route in pre-­ Columbian times, 89; topography, 89; trade with highlanders , 13; world’s principal supply of lithium, 88 avocet, 138 Awatiri, 78, 81 ayllu, 80, 98, 135; and Aymara identity, 29; Law of Exvinculation of ayllu lands, 1874, 29 Aylwin, José, 182, 183 Aymara, in Bolivia, 33 Aymara agropastoralists, 59; Azapa Valley cooperative, 96, 97, 98–99; dependence on water, 71–72; dispersed estancias near pastures and herds, 41–42; diversification strategy, 15, 35–36, 97; first botanists of Solanum, 37–38; grazing management and herd movement, 70; hardship caused by state appropriation of water resources, 32, 47, 50, 119, 184, 222; herding, 42, 141; herd losses due to speeding vehicles, 44, 135, 217; herd losses to protected predators, 43, 135, 169, 171, 206, 218; incorporation of cities into landscape use system, 36; involvement in market economy, 36; plant classification system, 51; practice of ecological complementarity, 31, 97–98; provision of food for cities, 33; Puxtiri pastoralist with newborn animals, 68; reduction of camelid herds in response to water diversion, 75–76; sustainable methods, 180, 186; use of multiple microclimates, 30, 96–97, 98. See also Altiplano pastoralists; Aymara of Region XV Index / 249 Aymara and pre-­ columbian history, 11–19; Altiplano as seat of power and highest demographic density, 30–31; diverse microclimates and systems of interchange, 30; Inca conquest, 16–19, 31; Lupaqa Kingdom, 15–16, 30; origins of, 30–31 Aymara...